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Presentación de Maryline Loquet realizada en el marco del V Seminario Regional de Agricultura y Cambio Climático "Agrobiodiversidad, agricultura familiar y cambio climático", organizado por la FAO y la CEPAL con el apoyo de la Colaboración Francesa, IICA y OXFAM (20 y 21 de agosto de 2014).
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French Ministry of agriculture maryline.loquet@agricultura.gouv.fr
Santiago 20-21 de agosto de 2014
French environemental policies in agriculture:
process, management, tools and actions
toward double performance
Agriculture in France: a quick overview
Cereals Fruit Fresh vegetable Wine Cow milk Cattle
68 Mt 2,5 Mt 5,5 Mt 41,3 Mhl 24,5 Mt 19,1 M têtes
• 66 million inhabitants, of which less than 1 million people live and work on farms FR (3.3% Full time equivalent employment)
• 64 million hectares (Mha)
• 51% of the territory = agricultural soils (= 36% cultivated land, grassland always = 15%)
• 31% of the metropolitan area = Wooded areas (17 Mha + 8 Mha of rainforest in Guyana)
• 1.8% GDP FR in 2012, € 35.8 billion in current prices = agriculture, forestry and fishing
Food production (food security and savety)
Non-food production (Bioeconomy, Energy)
Climate: mitigation and adaptation
Water quality (WFD, Nitrates Directive)
Biodiversity Conservation (Habitats Directive)
Soil quality, preservation of land & landscape
Air Quality (NEC Directive)
Territorial, economic development, jobs…
=> Goal: Comprehensive approach and "positive" for
high-performance systems - Ecosystems = inputs
Agriculture: what are the global issues at stake?
What agroecology is?
"Agroecology is to better understand the nature to help them use it" Olivier
de Schutter, Special Rapporteur of the United Nations for the right to food
• A science
Agro-ecology: application of ecological science to the study, design and
management of sustainable agricultural systems based on diverse practices
to optimize favorable natural production process and ensure the
sustainability of resources (Adapted from Gliessman, 2007. Wezel al 2009)
• A set of practices
Intensify production while respecting the natural balance by limiting the use
of chemical inputs and fossil fuels and focusing on recycling (Adapted from
Inter-Network, 2011)
• A social movement
A sustainable agriculture which is environmentally sound, economically
efficient, carrying a human development focused particular attention on food
security and the health of populations (AgriSud, 2010)
The two founding principles of agroecology
Increase biodiversity
• At the plot level: Promote heterogeneous crops
to limit the spread of biological aggressors
(varietal mixtures, combined cropping -cereals or
legumes grassland mixtures-)
• In multi-level plot: Diversify crops to create
heterogeneity in time and space (Diversifying
rotations, Introduction of legumes, Installing
agroecological infrastructure)
• At the production system: Increase the
diversity of productions to play on the
complementarities between them and self-
reliance on inputs (Fertilizing crops with livestock
manure, Contribution of food, fodder and litter by
the culture system)
• At the landscape level: Habitat for plant
species, Shelter and food for wildlife
Enhance biological
control
Optimize biological
interactions in
agroecosystems → foster
relationships between natural
populations to manage pests
(biological control) :
Encourage seed predation to
prevent weeds, Encourage
auxiliary ...
●Enhancement of the economic performance
of the farm
●Conservation of natural ressources (soil,
water, air) by efficient management of inputs
and energy => reliance on positive
interactions in the agricultural ecosystem
●Support of biodiversity and biological regulations
(agroecological infrastructures, diversification of crop
rotation, association of crop species and varieties...)
●Enhancement of self-reliance of animal
production systems (feed, sewage, health,
selection...)
●Basing farm development preferentially on an
systemic approach
7
Agro-ecology: what are the issues at stake?
● The agro-ecological project seeks to answer to the many challenges
the French agriculture is facing and to provide an ambitious and
mobilising perspective
● The goal is to overcome the opposition between different
dimensions of agriculture and to promote solutions which combine
economic, environmental and sanitary as well as social performance
● It relies on learning from existing pilots & capitalization, on
knowledge transfer, training & learning, on incentives
8
What are the aims of the agro-ecological Project for France?
September 2012 - 2013: driving forces with a strong
polical will and defini-tion of a new project for the
French agriculture
●September 2012: Launch of the agro-ecological project «Let’s produce
differently»
●December 2012 : National Conference and integration of the 7 existing action
programmes (action plan to reduce pesticides «Ecophyto», plan for biogas
derived from methanisation and nitrogen self-reliance «EMMA»,...)
●June 2013 : Reports of Agreenium (consortium for the international promotion
of French research and higher education in agricultural sciences [presented by
M. Guillou, INRA)]) and of the General Council of Agriculture, Agri-Food and
Forest (CGAAER); first meeting of the national Committee for Monitoring Agro-
Ecology
●INRA Conference on 17 October 2013: ambition of reaching a majority of
farms being engaged in agro-ecology by 2025
9
How? Process
2014: onset of the project by co-construction with
the partners
●Beginning of 2014: outlining the project at the ministry for
agriculture (identification of «construction sites», courses of
action...)
●11 March 2014: first meeting of the steering committee of the
agro-ecology project (COPIL)
●Objective: definition of an action plan establishing the actions to
be carried out, assignment of their responsible managers as well
as definition of the timetable for their realisation
10
How? Process
●National Policy and Monitoring Committee,
chaired by the Minister: 1-2 meetings per year
●Operational Steering Committee (COPIL): 4-5
meetings per year
●Specific work on each «construction site»
●Intention to co-construct => strong involvement of
the stakeholders and of administration at the
regional and departmental level
11
How? Management of the project
What? Key features of the agro-ecological Project
●Systemic thinking: to take advantage of the positive
interactions and synergies at the level of the individual
farm as well as in its relationship with the surrounding
ecosystem, the region, the agri-food chain, etc.
●Agro-ecology is not a set of practices or recipies:
solutions will have to be diverse and adapted on a
case by case basis
●Collective dynamic is a key factor to support the
transition to agro-ecology
●It affects not only the farming practices but also the
agro-food chain and the rural and territory
development
12
The «construction site» for the implementation of the
agro-ecological Project and the action plan
●Financial support of actions (in particular CAP aids)
●Assistance, teaching and training of farmers
●Criteria, monitoring and evaluation (criteria to identify farms
engaged in agro-ecology, monitoring and evaluation of the project, awareness
building and training of the ministerial staff …)
●Research and innovation conditions (Promotion of the
development of adapted breeds and varieties, promotion of reflection about agro-
ecology in the different agri-food sectors at national and regional levels)
●International (knowledge of the agro-ecological project and diffusion of
agroecology, cooperation)
●Overseas departments (adaptation to the conditions in overseas
departments)
13
The «construction site» for the implementation of the
agro-ecological Project and the action plan
Financial support
• Adaptation of direct aids (first pillar of the EU
CAP) ●Implementation of coupled aids in favour of agro-ecology, especially aids for
protein crops
●The greening of the 1st pillar: feasibility of cooperative management of ecological
focus areas (EFA)
●Reform of the farm advisory system (FAS)
• Adaption of the public aid for rural development ● Taking into account of agro-ecology with regard to the criteria for modulation of
installation aids
● Taking into account of agro-ecology with regard to the orientation of the plan for
competition and adaptation of farms
● Guidance and mobilisation in the context of the new agri-environment-climate
measures (AECM): systemic measures in favor of sustanable management of
natural ressources (water, biodiversity,…) => in favor of adaptation to CC
● Specific measures to promote and maintain Agroforestry, organic production…
14
The «construction site» for the implementation of the
agro-ecological Project and the action plan
Assistance, teaching and training of farmers
● A new tool with the creation of Economic and
environmental interest grouping (GIEE): Recognition of a
collective project which seeks double performance ; Grouping of farmers, collective dynamic ;
Coming from farmers themselves ; Non-farmers are partners ; Recognition of the project at
regional level (cf. The draft law for the future in agriculture,
agrofoof and forestry must be adopted in coming
september)
● Revisitation of teaching standards and practice (cf.
action 1 in the national plan for adaptation to climate
change also)…
15
The «construction site» for the implementation of the
agro-ecological Project and the action plan
Research and innovation
• Mobilize the European Innovation Partnership (EIP)
for a productive and sustainable agriculture (botton-
up approach)
• Toward a research which meet beeton social
demand and family agriculture needs
International ● France is really involved in the international year for family farming:
34 countries (cf. Chile, Brazil, Argentine) and the FAO have endorsed the
ministerial statement of support for family farming (cf International
agriculture show – February 24 2014)
• France support the organization by the FAO of the coming seminar on
agroecology
16
At the political level:
• UN headquarters summit – September 23, 2014, New York, USA
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/
• UNFCCC COP 21/ CMP 11 - Twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties and the eleventh
session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol –
November 30-December 11, 2015, Bourget, Paris
https://unfccc.int/meetings/unfccc_calendar/items/2655.php?year=2015
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/environnement-et-
developpement/conference-paris-climat-2015-cop21/
www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/document147424
At the scientific level:
• International Symposium on Agroecology for Food and Nutrition Security, September 18-19, 2014,
Rome, Italia
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/es/
• 3rd International Conference on Biodiversity and the UN Millennium Development Goals - October 29-31,
2014, Aix-en-Provence, France
http://biodiv2014.sciencesconf.org/
• Climate smart agriculture; global science conference – March 16-18, 2015, Montpellier, France
http://csa2015.cirad.fr/index.php/csa2015
• International scientific conference entitled « Our Common Future under Climate Change » - July 7-10,
Paris, France
http://www.commonfuture-paris2015.org/about-the-conference
Coming events: save the date!
Conclusion
18
● A mobilising project for the French agriculture
● To produce better and more, combining economic, environmental and social performance (holistic approach) at farm level as well as territorial level
● Success factors :
– Co-construction with the stakeholders, mobilisation of all stakeholders, at each level
– Definition of measurable objectives
– Importance of regional and local dynamics
– Integration of the entire value-chain, including the agri-food sector
MAAF : http://agriculture.gouv.fr/Changement-climatique-2568
MEDDE/ONERC : http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Impacts-et-adaptation-ONERC-.html
Agence européenne de l'environnement
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/national-adaptation-strategies
Universcience : http://www.universcience.fr/climobs/
GIEC (5ème rapport) : http://www.ipcc.ch/
J. -F. SOUSSANA, « S'adapter au changement climatique : Agriculture, écosystèmes et territoires »,
(2013), Quae
Climator - livre vert (2010) : http://www.avignon.inra.fr/cours_en_ligne_climator
Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie
http://www.pcet-ademe.fr/content/clarification-des-concepts
Annales des mines « responsabilité et environnement » n°59 (juillet 2010) et n°56 (octobre 2009)
B. SEGUIN, « Coup de chaud sur l’agriculture », (2010), Delachaux et Niestlé
Courrier de la Planète n°89/90 (janvier – juin 2009) : Changement climatique ; s'adapter maintenant
P. RADANNE, « perception des enjeux et l'évolution des comportements face au réchauffement
climatique », (2007)
For more information:
20
Agroforestry
Pig farming with straw
Crops rotation and association
replacing external fertilizer
Towards Forrage autonomy of
cattle breeding
Collective training and
transfer of knowledge
Organic farming Local markets of quality
products
Use of biomass for
energy and bioeconomy
Thank you for your attention!
21
A new Draft Law
● Currently examined by the Parliament
● To be adopted at last in Autumn 2014
● 1st article (framing article) refers to competitiveness and ecological transition
● 1st article gives a definition of agroecology
● Adressed issues: economic and environmental performance, preservation of agricultural land & installation,food policy & health security, agricultural teaching, forest management ...
●
22
A new tool : creation of Economic and environmental interest grouping (GIEE)
● Recognition of a collective project which seeks double performance
● Grouping of farmers, collective dynamic
● Coming from farmers themselves ; Non-farmers are partners
● Recognition of the project at regional level
● Overaching criteria and governance : currently designed at the national level (within a multi-stakeholder working group)
23
– The working areas for the implementation of the agro-ecological Project and the action plan
24
Working areas
● Financial support of actions (in particular CAP aids)
● Assistance, teaching and training of farmers
● Criteria, monitoring and evaluation (criteria to identify farms
engaged in agro-ecology, monitoring and evaluation of the project, awareness
building and training of the ministerial staff …)
● Research and innovation conditions (Promotion of the
development of adapted breeds and varieties, promotion of reflection about
agro-ecology in the different agri-food sectors at national and regional levels)
● International (knowledge of the agro-ecological project and diffusion of
agroecology, cooperation)
● Overseas departments (adaptation to the conditions in overseas
departments)
25
1- Financial support of actions
• Adaptation of the public aid for rural development
(second pillar of the EU CAP)
● Substantial public support for new agri-environment-
climate measures (AECM) and for organic farming
● Taking into account of agro-ecology with regard to the
criteria for modulation of installation aids
● Taking into account of agro-ecology in the Plan for
competition and adaptation of farms
● ...
●Cooperation with the regional authorities in order to take agro-
ecology into account in the rural development programmes
(RDP, set up by the CAP)
26
1- Financial support for actions
• Adaptation of direct aids (first pillar of the EU CAP)
● Implementation of coupled aids in favour of agro-ecology, especially aids for protein crops
● Feasibility of cooperative management of ecological focus areas (EFA)
● Reform of the farm advisory system (FAS)
...
27
2- Assistance and training of farmers
Mobilisation of agricultural development (1/2)
●Creation of local dynamics for innovation
●Call for proposals funded by the « CASDAR » budget.
●2013 : call for proposal « Collective mobilisation
towards agroecology »
- for a budget of 6,7 million euros - preparing the way for the coming economic and environmental interest groupings (EEIGs)- April 2014 : 2nd National Conference Sharing knowledge and experiences
- 103 pilot projects selected all over France (3300 farms)
28
2- Assistance and training of farmers
...
• Mobilisation of agricultural development (2/2)
● Mobilisation of the chambers of agriculture to assist
farmers in their steps towards to agro-ecology
● Mobilisation of organisations of agricultural and rural
development (ONVAR)
29
2- Assistance and training of farmers
• Revisitation of teaching standards and practice
• 3 Avril 2014 : Publication of the Action Plan « Teaching to produce differently »
• Revisitation of technical and
economic standards & exploring the
dynamics of change
• Development of regional strategies
Education of teachers in agricultural technical
vocational training
Mobilise the model farms of the institutions for
agricultural education
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