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Redistricting and the Census
Justin Levitt
July 16, 2009
The Brennan Center and redistrictingBased at NYU, but work nationwide
Think tank, advocacy group, law firm
• Study of redistricting practices and reform initiatives
• Analysis of proposals
• Testimony before decisionmakers
• Consulting for advocates
• Advocacy and publication
The Midwest Democracy NetworkAlliance of political reform advocates
5 Midwest states
• Public education
• Civic organization training
• Policy formulation
• Public advocacy and pressure for reform
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
What is “redistricting”?
• Every 10 years (at least), after the census
• Congress, state legislature, many local legislatures
• Sorts voters into groups, distributes political power, affects policy priorities
Downtown Minneapolis
Is this a good district?
Is this a good district?
You can’t know if a district is “good,” unless you know what it’s trying to achieve
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Why does redistricting matter?
• Politicians choosing their voters• Eliminating incumbents or
challengers
• Diluting minority votes• Splitting up communities
Hakeem
Jeffries’
house
•
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Key redistricting dates
April 1, 2010 ―
December 31, 2010―
January 10, 2011 ―
April 1, 2011 ―
End of session 2011―
Census Day
Census count to President
Apportionment to U.S. House
Redistricting data to states
Most redistricting complete
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Who draws the lines
In most states, the legislature has primary control
• State legislative districts: 37 states
• Congressional districts: 38 states(and 7 states with 1 Congressional district)
Other redistricting institutions
State legislative districts
Congressional
districts
AdvisoryBackup
Primary control in the legislature
Primary control outside legislature
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Start with federal protectionsEqual population – one person, one vote
• Congress: as equal as possible
• State legislature: ~10% spread if good reason
• section 2: draw majority-minority districts to
avoid dilution
• section 5: preclear to ensure that minority
voters aren’t made worse off
• otherwise: can consider race, but race can’t “predominate” unless really good
reason
CrackingPacking
Federal protectionsRace – Voting Rights Act and the
Constitution
The Voting Rights Act and beyond
After federal law, add state limitations
• Contiguity
• Political boundaries
• Compactness
• Communities of interest
• Partisanship/competition
• Nesting
State leg.Congress
45 14
38 13
34 13
19 8
9 6
14 (+3) n/a
Today’s conversation
• What?
• Why?
• When?
• Who?
• Where?
• How?
Influencing the processTangible next steps
• Census
• Redistricting
Influencing the census
• Educate your community
• Recruit census takers
• Become a census partner
• Staff a help center
• Fight the “boycott”
• Focus on “hard to count” areas
2000 population in hard-to-count areas
Source: Election Data Services
2000 Denver hard-to-count areas
Source: Community Research Institute, Dorothy A. Johnson Center for
Philanthropy and Nonprofit Leadership, Grand
Valley State U.
Influencing redistricting (short-term)
• Educate your community
• Educate the media and drive the story
• Identify and map community boundaries
• Attend hearings
• Present alternative maps
Mapping community boundaries
Communities of interest• Social interests• Cultural interests• Racial / ethnic interests• Economic / trade interests • Geographic interests• Communication and
transportation networks• Media markets• Urban and rural interests• Occupations and lifestyles
Influencing redistricting (long-term)
• Alternative voting systems- Cumulative voting- Choice voting
• Alternative redistricting entities- Independent commissions- Accountability seats
Independent commissions
• This is not about taking politics out of redistricting
• It’s about limiting the role of self-dealing politicians
• Why should one of the game’s players also be the referee?
• Who chooses the commissioners?
• How to ensure real diversity?
• Which criteria are most important?
• How to reconcile competing criteria?
• How to get the right discretion?
Independent commissions
• Meaningful independence
• Meaningful diversity
• Meaningful guidance
• Meaningful transparency
Still need careful design
Preparing for long-term change
• Ballot initiatives
• Legislative action
- Substantial public support- Substantial funding- Bipartisan sponsorship- Support of minority communities
Source: Initiative & Referendum Institute, University of Southern California
- Substantial public support- Bipartisan sponsorship- Support of minority communities
Building public support
• Educate the media
• Train community leadership
• Secure validation from trusted elders
• Model best practices (model commission)
• Justin LevittBrennan Center for Justicewww.brennancenter.org
• Midwest Democracy Networkwww.midwestdemocracynetwork.org
Booth 204 at the Expo, here at the Summit
Further information
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