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Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1
Power Point Slides for:
Financial Institutions, Markets, and Money, 9th EditionAuthors: Kidwell, Blackwell, Whidbee &
Peterson
Prepared by: Babu G. Baradwaj, Towson UniversityAnd
Lanny R. Martindale, Texas A&M University
CHAPTER 14
BANK MANAGEMENTAND PROFITABILITY
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Bank Earnings: Net Interest Income
Loan interest and fees represent the main source of bank revenue, followed by interest on investment securities.
Interest paid on deposits is the largest expense, followed by interest on other borrowings.
Net interest income is the difference between gross interest income and gross interest expense. This margin is relatively stable because the interest rates banks earn and pay are largely set by the market.
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Bank Earnings: Provision for Loan Losses
Provision for loan losses is an expense item that adds to a bank’s loan loss reserve (a contra-asset account).
Banks provide for loan losses in anticipation of credit quality problems in the loan portfolio.
Loans are written off against the loan loss reserve
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Bank Earnings: Non-interest income and expense
Noninterest income includes fees and service charges. This source of revenue has grown significantly in importance.
Noninterest expense includes personnel, occupancy, technology, and administration. These expenses have also grown in recent years.
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Bank Performance
Trends in profitability can be assessed by examining return on average assets(net income / average total assets) over time.
Another measure of profitability is return on average equity.
In the mid- and late-1990s, bank profitability improved significantly.
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Dilemma: Profitability vs. Safety
One way for a bank to increase expected profits is to take on more risk. However, this can jeopardize bank safety.
For a bank to survive, it must balance the demands of three constituencies:
shareholdersdepositorsregulators
Each with their own interest in profitability and safety.
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Solvency and Liquidity
Solvency: Maintaining the momentum of a going concern, attracting customers and financing.
A firm is insolvent when the value of its liabilities exceeds the value of its assets.Banks have relatively low capital/asset ratios but generally high-quality assets.
Liquidity: the ability to fund deposit withdrawals, loan requests, and other promised disbursements when due.
A bank can be profitable and still fail because of illiquidity.
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Conflicting DemandsA bank must balance profitability, liquidity, and solvency.
Bank failure can result from excessive losses on loans or securities -- from over-aggressive profit seeking. But a bank that only invests in high-quality assets may not be profitable.
Failure can also occur if a bank cannot meet liquidity demands. If assets are profitable but illiquid, the bank also has a problem.
Bank insolvency often leads to bank illiquidity.
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Liquidity Management
Banks rely on both asset sources of liquidity and liability sources of liquidity to meet the demands for liquidity.
The demands for liquidity include accommodating deposit withdrawals, paying other liabilities as they come due, and accommodating loan requests.
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Asset Management
classifies bank assets from very liquid/low profitability to very illiquid/profitable
Primary Reserves are noninterest bearing, extremely liquid bank assets
Secondary Reserves are high-quality, short-term, marketable earning assets
Bank Loans are made after absolute liquidity needs are met
After loan demand is satisfied, funds are allocated to Income Investments that provide income, reasonable safety, and some liquidity, if needed
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Asset Management (cont.)
The bank must manage its assets to provide a compromise of liquidity and profitability.
Primary and secondary reserve levels relate to:deposit variabilityother sources of liquidity (e.g. Fed funds)bank regulations - permissible areas of investmentrisk posture that bank management will assume
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Liability Management
Assumes bank can borrow its liquidity needs at will in money markets by paying market rate or better
Liability levels (borrowing) may be quickly adjusted to loan (asset) needs or deposit variability
Bank liability liquidity sources include “non-deposit borrowing" (e.g. Fed funds, etc.)
LM supplements asset management, but does not supersede it
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Definition of Bank Capital
Tier 1 capital or “core” capital includes common stock, common surplus, retained earnings, non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, minority interest in consolidated subsidiaries, minus goodwill and other intangible assets.
Tier 2 capital or “supplemental” capital includes cumulative perpetual preferred stock, loan loss reserves, mandatory convertible debt, and subordinated notes and debentures.
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Functions of Bank Capital
Absorb losses on assets (loans) and limit the risk of insolvency.Maintain confidence in the banking system.Provide protection to uninsured depositors and creditors.Ultimate source of funds and leverage base to raise depositor funds.
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Regulatory Capital Standards
As capital requirements have increased, regulators have also implemented risk-based capital standards.
Capital is measured against risk-weighted assets.
Risk-weighting is a measure of total assets that weighs high-risk assets more heavily.
The purpose is to require high-risk banks to hold more capital than low-risk banks.
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Minimum Capital Requirements
Ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets must be at least 4%
Ratio of Total Capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets must be at least 8%.
Undercapitalized banks receive extra regulatory scrutiny; regulators may limit activities, intervene in management, or even revoke charter.
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Managing Credit Risk
The credit risk of an individual loan concerns the losses the bank will experience if the borrower does not repay the loan.The credit risk of a bank’s loan portfolio concerns the aggregate credit risk of all the loans in the bank’s portfolio. Banks must manage both dimensions effectively to be successful.
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Managing Credit Risk of Individual Loans
Begins with lending decision (and 5 Cs as discussed in Chapter 13)
Requires close monitoring to identify problem loans quickly
The goal is to recover as much as possible once a problem loan is identified.
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Managing Credit Risk of Loan Portfolio
Internal Credit Risk Ratings are used toidentify problem loansdetermine adequacy of loan loss reserves price loans
Loan Portfolio Analysis is used to ensure that banks are well diversified.
Concentration ratios measure the percentage of loans allocated to a given geographic location, loan type, or business type.
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Measuring Interest Rate Risk: Maturity GAP Analysis
Assets and liabilities which “reprice” (change interest rate in a specified period of time) are identified as “rate- sensitive”.
A bank's Maturity GAP is computed by subtracting rate sensitive liabilities (RSL) from rate sensitive assets (RSA).
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GAP = RSA – RSL; Positive Gap
Positive GAP = RSA > RSLNet interest income will decline if interest rates fallMore assets than liabilities reprice downward if interest rates decline, thus reducing net interest income
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GAP = RSA – RSL; Negative Gap
Negative GAP = RSA < RSLNet interest income will decline if interest rates increaseMore liabilities than assets reprice upward if interest rates increase, thus reducing net interest income.
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Managing Interest Rate Risk:Duration GAP Analysis
Maturity GAP provides only an approximate rule for analyzing interest rate risk.
Duration GAP analysis matches cash flows and their repricing capabilities over a period of time.
The percentage change in the value of a portfolio, given a change in interest rates, is proportional to the duration of the portfolio multiplied by the change in interest rates.
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Managing Interest Rate Risk: Duration GAP Formula
Where DG = duration gapDA = duration of assets
DL = duration of liabilities
MVA = market value of assets
MVL = market value of liabilities
Duration GAPs are opposite in sign from maturity GAPs for the same risk exposure.
LALAG D)MV/MV(DD
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Positive Duration GAP
Assets have longer duration than liabilities; bank expects interest rates to fall
If interest rates rise—More assets than liabilities will lose value,Thus reducing the value of the bank’s equity
If interest rates fall-
More assets than liabilities will gain value,Thus increasing the value of the bank’s equity
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Negative Duration GAP
Liabilities have longer duration than assets; bank expects interest rates to rise.
If interest rates rise—More liabilities than assets will lose value,Thus increasing the value of the bank’s equity
If interest rates fall—
More liabilities than assets will gain value,Thus reducing the value of the bank’s equity
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Zero Duration Gap
Bank is immunized against interest rate risk.
Easier in theory than in practice.
Duration GAP manipulation is a complex tool, used more by large banks.
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Hedging Interest Rate Risk: Asset-Sensitive
Asset-sensitive with positive maturity GAP; negative duration GAP; hurt by falling rates:
Buy financial futures--falling rates increase value of contract, offsetting negative impact of GAP
Buy call options on financial futures
Swap to increase their variable-rate cash outflows and increase their fixed-rate (long-term) cash inflows
Lengthen repricing of assets; shorten repricing of liabilities
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Hedging Interest Rate Risk: Liability-Sensitive
Liability-sensitive with negative maturity GAP; positive duration GAP;--hurt by rising rates:
Sell financial futures--increasing rates would increase value of futures contracts, offsetting the negative impact of GAP situation
Buy put options on financial futures
Swap long-term, fixed-rate payments for variable-rate payments
Shorten repricing of assets; lengthen repricing of liabilities
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