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A Case of Placenta Praevia with Morbidly Adherent Placenta
Surg Lt Cdr Ankur ShahModerator: Lt Col M K Tangri
30/10/2014
25 yr old
G2P1L1 at 38 weeks POG
Post LSCS pregnancy
Placenta Praevia with Placenta Increta
LMP: 7/2/2014
EDD: 14/11/2014
Steroids given for fetal lung maturity
Obstetric History
G1
− 2011, FTLSCS (Non progress of Labour)
− Male, 4.5 kg birth weight G2
− Present pregnancy, spontaneous conception
− Booked and registered case at our hospital
− On regular antenatal visits
Antenatal Investigations
Hb: 11.0 gm%
ABO Rh: O positive
BS (F): 90 (PP): 98
OGTT with 75 gm glucose: 87/124 mg/dl
HIV/HbsAg/VDRL: Neg
Antenatal Ultrasound
Date(POG)
24/5/14(15w1d)
7/6/14(16w1d)
20/10/14()
Gestation SLIUF SLIUF SLIUF
USMA 16w 1d 34w 6d
Placenta Ant, NP Completely covering os
Lower segment
completely covering os
Liquor Adequate AFI = 11 cm
Anomaly Nil No obvious invasion in
myometrium noted
EFW 2549 gm
USEDD 25/11/14
MRI dated 25/10/14
Placenta noted in lower part of uterine cavity, overlying the expected location of scar, completely covering the os
No myometrial tissue identified in region of placental implantation
Focal bulging of uterine contour at placental site
Increase vascularity noted surrounding uterus esp in lower segment
03/11/2014, 0530 hrs
Pt reported to Labour Room:
− C/o pain lower abdomen Evaluated, not in active labour
Planned for scheduled LSCS at 0800 hrs
Couple counselled, consent for peripartum hysterectomy taken
Blood demand for 4 units PRBC and 4 units FFP sent
− Blood bank informed regarding need for increased requirement
03/11/2014, 0900 – 1250 hrs
Pt taken up for surgery under SA
Intra-op findings:
− Pfannensteil incision given over previous surgical scar
− Dense adhesions between ant abd wall and ant uterine surface
− Bladder pulled up, adherent to uterine surface and extremely vascular
− UV fold of peritoneum opened and bladder attempted to be pushed down. No clear plane identified
− Live male baby delivered by vertex
Intra-op Findings
− Angle of uterine incision sutured, while awaiting placental separation
− Uterus contracted, partial separation of placenta seen from posterior lower uterine segment
− Sudden brisk haemorrhage with loss of approx 1.5-2 litres of blood in about 1.5 min
− Separation of placenta attempted and removed piecemeal
− Pt developed sudden bradycardia, hypotension, collapse – converted to GA
− Fluid resuscitation done, followed by transfusion of blood and FFP
Intra-op Findings
− In view of retained adherent placental tissue in lower uterine segment and multiple failed attempts at hemostasis, decision for peripartum hysterectomy taken
− Inadvertent injury to bladder vault occured during dissection of UV fold – primary repair done in two layers
− Suture integrity checked by methylene blue dye instillation
− B/L ureteric peristalsis seen after hysterectomy Approx blood loss ~ 3.5 litres
Total of 8 units PRBC and 12 FFP transfused
Post op Course
Post op – pt monitored in ICU for 48 hrs
Subsequent recovery in ward uneventful
Foley's catheter removed on Day 12 post op
Pt discharged on Day 14 with well established feeding and healthy baby
PLACENTA ACCRETE SYNDROMES
Introduction
Derived from Latin ac- + crescere, to grow from adhesion or coalesce
Any placental implantation with
− Abnormally firm adherence to myometrium
− Partial or total absence of decidua basalis
− Imperfect development of Nitabuch layer Associated with
− Life-threatening intrapartum/postpartum haemorrhage
− Maternal mortality ~ 7%
Etiopathogenesis
Exact pathogenesis unknown
Proposed hypotheses:
− Maldevelopment of decidua
− Excessive trophoblastic invasion (hyperinvasiveness)
− Combined theory Abnormal expression of growth factors, angiogenesis and
invasion-related factors in trophoblastic cells
Role of decidua – controversial
Classification
Depth of trophoblastic growth:
− Accreta: villi attached to myometrium
− Increta: villi invade the myometrium
− Percreta: penetrate through myometrium and/or serosa Area of placenta involved:
− Total
− Focal
Incidence/Risk Factors
1 in 533 deliveries
Increasing incidence with rise in no of Caesarean deliveries
Risk Factors:
− Placenta praevia
− Asherman's syndrome
− Previous uterine scar
− Advanced maternal age and parity Risk 3%, 11%, 40%, 60%, 67% with 1 to 5 previous
cesarean deliveries
Diagnosis
Grayscale ultrasound
− Sensitivity (93%), specificity (76%), positive predictive value (82%)
− 3D doppler, colour doppler do not increase diagnostic sensitivity Ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of morbidly adherent placenta:
− Loss of retroplacental sonolucent zone
− Irregular retroplacental sonolucent zone
− Thinning or disruption of hyperechoic serosa-bladder interface
− Focal exophytic mass involving bladder
− Abnormal placental lacunae (swiss cheese or moth eaten appearance)
Colour Doppler
− Diffuse or focal lacunar flow
− Vascular lakes with turbulent flow (PSV > 15 cm/s)
− Hypervascularity of serosa-bladder interface
− Markedly dilated vessels over peripheral subplacental zone
MRI
− Uterine bulging
− Heterogenous signal intensity within placenta
− Dark intraplacental bands on T2 weighted imaging
Management
Timing of delivery
− Individualised decision
− Recommended at 34 weeks after fetal lung maturity
− In a tertiary care centre Cesarean section
− Consent for peripartum hysterectomy
− Prepared for massive haemorhage and blood transfusion
− PRBC and FFP arranged for in 1:1 ratio
Surgical Approach
− Anaesthesia: Spinal vs GA
− Midline skin incision vs Pfannensteil
− Uterine incision at site away from placenta
− Avoid manual removal of placenta Alternative approach
− Conservative measures: placenta left in situ
− Use of methotrexate
− High risk of bleeding, later hysterectomy Interventinal radiology
− Use of balloon catheter occlusion or embolisation
− Risk of arterial thrombi formation
THANK YOU
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