Learning

LEARNING&

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Kingsuk Sarkar, MD

Asst. Prof.

Dept. of Community Medicine

DSMCH

Intelligence:

-“global or

aggregative capacity

of the individual to

think rationally,deal

effectively and act

purposefully with his

environment.”

-Important aspect of personality

-Includes perceiving, knowing, reasoning &

remembering

-Interplay between environmental & genetic

factors

-Relationship exists between a person’s level

of intelligence & his range of activities,

level of achievement & his depth of

understanding

Mental Age:

-Based on concepts of intelligence

tests

-Indicates the level o intelligence

achieved

-Gives no indication on

brightness/dullness

-Four sectors of intellectual

development: a)motor ability,

b)adoptive behavior, c)language

development & d)personal -social

behavior

IQ( Intelligence

Quotient):

-“the ratio of mental age

& chronological age

expressed in

percentage”

IQ ═{Mental age/Chronological

age X100}

- Improvement over the concept of mental

health

- If Mental age ═ Chronological age; IQ ═100

- ≈80% of population have an IQ of/around 100

-IQ tests are not predictive of adaptive

functioning ( except those with significant

retardation)

-Criteria of social adaptation was added to the

definition of mental retardation

Levels of Intelligence

IQ Range

Idiot 0 -24

Imbecile 25 – 49

Moron 50 – 69

Borderline 70 – 79

Low Normal 80 – 89

Normal 90 – 109

Superior 110 – 119

Very Superior 120 – 139

Near genius ≥140

Adult Intelligence & its effect:

i.Space-ability to perceive objects

ii.Number-familiarity with elementary arithmetic

iii.Verbal comprehension: ability to reason from

verbal concepts

iv.Facility of expression-ability to employ

appropriate words

v.Memory-ability to retain words & ideas

vi.Induction-ability to discover principles

vii.Deduction-ability to use principles to solve concrete

problems

viii.Flexibility & rapidity of thought

Tests on

Intelligence:

-Group tests &

Individual tests

-Group test: all subjects

begins & finishes at

same time

-No constant time factor

in individual tests

-Measures performance

Minimal understanding

-Performance

Use of language

-Measures fundamental psychological process:

reasoning, relationship, without reference to

cultural / educational opportunities

-Helps to measure intelligence of: young people yet

to learn any language, illiterates -- because of lack

of educational benefits or feeble mindedness, those

speaking a foreign language

-Changes in educational opportunities → fluctuations in IQ

-IQ may rise considerably after glandular therapy

Importance of IQ assessment: -Those having low IQ can be provided special education

according to their capacity

-Those with very high IQ can also be given education as per

their need

-Can aid in determining the right time to join school

-Help to adjust a student to his work

-Selection procedure for colleges & professional schools

-As in educational guidance & various therapies

Other important tests:

Measures development/ maturation:

i.Bayley Infant Scale

ii.Gassel’s Development Schedule

iii.National Institute for Mentally

Handicapped Development Assessment

Schedule

Verbal tests:

i.Binet Kamat’s test

ii.Binet Kulshetra test

iii.Binet Shukla Test

iv.Malin’s Intelligence Scale for

Indian Children- Verbal Scale

Non- verbal tests:

- Developmental screening test

- Raven’s Progressive Matrix – Coloured

Performance tests:

-Seguin Form Board Test

-Gassel’s Drawing Test

-Draw a man test

-Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children –

Performance Scale

Adaptive Behavior Scales:

-Vineland Social Maturity Scale

-American Association on Mental

Retardation Adaptive Behavior Scale

Tests for specific abilities:

-Attention

-Concentration

-perception

Disability Measurement:

-Wing’s Comprehensive Handicaps,

Behavior & Skill Schedule (HBS)

-Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS)

-Measures & records in standardized format

the aspects of behavior, psychological

functions & social performance

Social Psychology

Science of behavior of the individual

in the society

oStudies behavior of the individual in

social situations – group, crowd, mob,

audience

oAlso concerned with attitudes of

individuals towards cultural & social

values

Group BehaviorAlso known as Social Behavior

Man, being a social creature is influenced by

-Customs & Laws

-Ideals

-Art & literature

-Crafts

-Science & technology

-Institutions

Social InteractionInter – personal relationships:

-Also known as person- to – person interaction.

-Individual learns from parents, teacher, friends

Inter – group relationships:

-Individual adherence to the traditions of the group

-Social interaction → development of attitude towards

persons, situations, issues

-Social attitudes – attitude towards non-adoption of family

planning, child marriage

Group moraleEvery group has its leader

-Leader is responsible for solidarity of the group

-Upholds the morale of the group member

-Group members work together with definite

programmes & objectives

-Members may think, feel, act together

-Community problems may be solved through

group effort

Right of the Individual:

1948, General Assembly of United nations

Adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- Recognition that human beings are born free

& equal, should enjoy dignity & rights

- 30 articles

-Right to better living conditions

-Right to Health & Medical Services

Role of individual in society

oThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights

refer

- “ Everyone has the right to a standard of

living adequate for the health and well being

of himself and his family, including food,

clothing, housing, medical care and

necessary social services, and the right to

security in the event of unemployment,

sickness, disability, widow-hood, old age or

other lack of livelihood in circumstances

beyond his control

-Motherhood and

childhood are entitled to

special care and

assistance. All children,

whether born in or out of

wedlock , shall enjoy the

same social protection.

oConstitution of India guarantees 7

broad categories of fundamental rights:

1)Right to equality

2)Right to freedom of speech & expression

3)Right against exploitation

4)Right to freedom of practice & propagation of

religion

5)Right to minorities to conserve their culture

6)Right to property

7)Right to constitutional remedies for the

enforcement

of fundamental rights

Responsibility for health:

- Health has to be earned by individual

effort

- It cant be granted individually

Responsibility lies both upon

- individual

- community/state

Personal responsibilities:

- Diet

- care of teeth & skin care

- Recreation & exercise

- cultivation of healthful habits

- Immunization

- Early report of sickness episode

- Optimum utilization of available

healthcare facilities

Government/ State responsibility

- To safeguard & promote health & welfare of

citizens

o Provision of health under Government of

India

- Health & strength of workers, men & women

and the tender age children are not abused and

that citizens are not forced by economic

necessity to enter a vocation unsuited to their

age or strength

- The children & youth are protected against

exploitation and against moral & material

abandonment

- The state shall, within the limits of its

economic capacity & development , make

effective provision for securing the right to

work, to education & to public assistance

in case of un employment, old age,

sickness, & disablement, and in other

cases of underserved want.

- The state shall regard the raising of

the level nutrition & standard of

living of its people and the

improvement of public health as

among its primary duties.

THANK YOU