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Fractures of the Calcaneus
Cory Collinge, MD
Keith Heier, MD
Introduction
“…the man who breaks his heel bone is done.”
- Cotton and Henderson, 1916
“…results of crush fractures of the os calcis are rotten.”
- Bankhart, 1942
Introduction
• High potential for disability─ Pain─ Gait disturbance─ Unable to work
• “Best” treatment method controversial
Anatomy
• Subtalar joint─ Facets: anterior, middle, posterior
• Calcaneocuboid joint• Sustentaculum• Tuberosity• Anterior process
Anatomy:
Bony
SustentaculumSustentaculumMedial
Lateral
Ant. Ant. processprocess
TuberosityTuberosity
Sinus tarsiSinus tarsi
Anatomy: Joints
SubtalarSubtalar CalcaneoCalcaneo-cuboid-cuboid
Anatomy:
Facets of ST Joint
Ant.Ant.
MiddleMiddle
Post.Post.
Tub.Tub.
IO IO lig.lig.
Anatomy:
Soft Tissues
FHL
Peroneal Tendons
Achilles Tendon
Thin Thin skin/ skin/ little SQlittle SQ
Hindfoot Function
Calcaneus• Lever arm powered by
gastrocnemius• Foundation for body wt.• Supports/ maintains lat.
column of foot
Hindfoot Function
Subtalar Joint• Inversion/ eversion of
hindfoot• Hindfoot position
locks/ unlocks midfoot joint
“Extra-articular” Fractures
• Anterior process fracture• Tuberosity (body) fracture• Tuberosity avulsion• Sustentacular fracture
Anterior Process Fracture
• Inversion “sprain”• Frequently missed• Most are small: treat like
sprain• Large/displaced: ORIF
• Fall/MVA• Usually non-operative
─ Swelling control─ Early ROM─ PWB
Tuberosity Fracture
Tuberosity Avulsion
• Achilles avulsion• Wound problems• Surgical urgency
─ Lag screws or tension band
Sustentacular Fracture
• May alter ST jt. mechanics • Most small/ nondisplaced:
─ Non-operative• Large/ displaced
─ ORIF (med. approach)─ Buttress plate
“Intra-articular” Fractures
Mechanism of Injury
• High energy: ─ MVA, fall
• Lateral process of talus acts as wedge
• Impaction fracture
Pathoanatomy
• Primary
fracture line
• Constant fragment
Pathoanatomy
• Secondary fracture line
• Extends posteriorly through tuberosity
• Creates 3 parts123
Pathoanatomy
• Articular incongruity• Hindfoot varus • Shape of foot
─ Wide─ Loss of height─ Short
• Peroneal impingement• Heel pad crush
Pathoanatomy
Compartment syndrome (up to 10%) pressure, limited space tissue perfusion– Tense foot or marked
pain, check pressure– Fasciotomy
Clinical Problems
• Stiffness• Loss of normal gait• Shoewear problems• Arthritic pain• Peroneal pain• Heel pad pain
Imaging: Plain Films
Standard Views• 1. Lateral• 2. Broden’s• 3. Axial (HLA)
1.1.
3.3.2.2.
Lateral View
Bohler’s Bohler’s AngleAngle Gissane’s Gissane’s
AngleAngle
Broden’s View
• Posterior facet
• Positioning
A. 20° IR view (mortise)
B. 10°-40° plantar flex.
Broden’s View
• Posterior facet
Axial View
• Assesses varus/valgus
• 45° axial of heel
• 2nd toe in line w/ tibia
• Normal 10° valgus
Imaging: CT
Foot flat on table• Coronal• Transverse• Sagittal Reconstruction
CORONALCORONAL
Imaging: CT Scan
• ST joint• Heel width/ shortening• Lateral wall• Peroneal impingement
CORONALCORONAL
Imaging: CT Scan
• Calcaneocuboid Calcaneocuboid jt.jt.
• Similar to Similar to lateral lateral radiographradiograph
TRANSVERSETRANSVERSE SAGITTALSAGITTALSAGITTALSAGITTAL
• Similar to Similar to lateral Xraylateral Xray
Classifications
• Several used- None are ideal• Most commonly used
─ Essex-Lopresti─ Sanders
ESSEX-LOPRESTI Classification
• Historical• Basic
1. Joint depression type2. Tongue type
1.
2.
ESSEX-LOPRESTI
Joint Depression Type Tongue Type
SandersClassification
• Based on CT findings• # joint fragments
• 2 = type II• 3 = type III• 4 or more = type IV
• Subtype: L → M fx position• Predictive of results
Sanders
Example:Type IIA
Treatment: Historical
• <1850: bandages/elevation• 1850: Clark: traction• 1931: Bohler: cl. red./cast • 1952: Essex-Lopresti: perc. fixation• 1993: Benirschke/Letournel/Sanders: “modern”
plating
Non-op Treatment: Natural History
Nade and Monahan, Injury, 1973• 57% long term symptoms (pain, swelling,
stiffness)• 95% symptoms on uneven ground• 76% broad heel
As a standard treatment …..”[results] are not good enough and deserve further studies”
Non-op Treatment:Complications
Malunion • Varus hindfoot
─ Locks midfoot─ Medializes “foundation” for stance
• Shortened foot = short lever arm• Peroneal impingement/ dislocation• Shoewear problems
Non-op Treatment:Injury
Non-op Treatment:Malunion
Non-op Treatment:Complications
• Malunion treatmentOrthosis/ custom shoeLateral wall exostectomyPeroneal tenodesisSubtalar fusion +/- bone blockSliding wedge osteotomy
Non-op Treatment:Complications
• Stiffness─ Prevention (early ROM)─ Therapy
• Subtalar arthritis─ NSAIDs─ Subtalar fusion
Non-op Treatment:Complications
• Peroneal tendon problems─ Tendonitis- NSAIDs, therapy─ Entrapped-release tendons, exostectomy─ Dislocated-open reduction
• Sural nerve pain─ Medications─ Orthosis─ Neurectomy
• Heel pad pain─ Orthosis
Non-op Treatment:Complications
Operative Treatment: Natural History
• Early studies recommending non-op treatment:─ Old ORIF techniques─ No CT classification─ No assessment of fracture reduction
Operative Treatment: Natural History
• Initial results were poor (wound problems)• Newer ORIF techniques improved results
─ Anatomic reduction for good result─ Fracture severity correlates with results─ Learning curve
Operative Treatment: Rationale
• Restore anatomy─ Shape and alignment of hindfoot─ Articular congruency
• Return to function & prevent arthritis• Typically, restoring articular anatomy gives
improved results if complications are avoided
Operative vs. Non-op Treatment
• Orthopedic literature is lacking • No prospective, randomized studies with
longterm follow-up
Operative vs. Non-op Treatment
Thodarson and Krueger, F&A, 1996• Matched set of op and non-op treatment• Modern operative technique• AOFAS scores: Operative= 86.7
Non-op= 55
“Operative treatment successful and preferable unless contrainications present”
Operative Treatment: Contraindications
• Diabetes• Vascular insufficiency• Smoker• Severe swelling• Open fractures
• Sanders type IV (very comminuted)
• Elderly• Neuropathic• Non-compliant pt. • In-experienced
surgeon
Operative Treatment: Contraindications
Folk et al., JOT, 1999• Diabetes• Vascular insufficiency• Smoker
Wound problems: these factors have additive effects. If all 3, >90%.
Operative Treatment: Contraindications
Heier, et al., OTA, 1999/AAOS, 2000• Open Fractures
– Mostly medial wounds, varied severity– All treated with I&D/ IV abx– Grade II-III: 48% infections– Grade IIIB: 77% infections & 46% BKAs
Operative Treatment: Contraindications
Open Fracture Recommendations• ORIF?: Medial grade I open fx • Closed treatment for all lateral wounds and
grade III medial open fx• Percutaneous methods?
Treatment: A Rational Approach?
• Many treatment methods attempted• “Best” method remains controversial• Assess each case individually
– Injury/ patient/ surgeon– Risks vs. benefits
ORIF via Extensile Lateral Approach
Benirschke/Sangeorzan, Clin Orthop, 292: 128-134, 1993
Letournel, Clin Orthop, 290: 60-67, 1993
Sanders et al., Clin Orthop, 290, 87-95, 1993
ORIF: Pre-op
• Elevation• Compression stocking• Cast boot• ORIF @ 10-14 days• + Wrinkle test
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Lateral decubitusLateral decubitus • ““L” incisionL” incision
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• ““No touch” No touch” techniquetechnique
• Lateral wall Lateral wall removedremoved
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Schanz pin to manipulate tuberosity
• Clean out fracture
• Disimpact sustentacular fragment
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Reduce post. facet fragments if comm.
• K-wires/ absorbable pins
• Reduce post. facet to sustentaculum- ant. process
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Reduce tuberosity fragment to sustentacular complex 1. Restore height2. Restore valgus3. Medial translation
ORIF: Lateral Approach
•Pin reduced Pin reduced tuberositytuberosity
•Assess Assess radiographicallyradiographically
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Bone graft?• Replace lateral wall • Apply plate• Recheck radiographs
ORIF: Lateral Approach
• Check peroneal tendons• Drain• Layered closure
1. Periosteum/SQ 2. Skin • Atraumatic technique• Advance flap toward apex
• Splint
Postoperative Care
• Elevate, splint• Sutures out at 3 wks.• Fracture boot• Early motion• NWB for 9-12 weeks• Improvement up to 2 yrs.
Operative Treatment: Complications
• All those of non-operative care….─ Malunion─ Stiffness─ Subtalar arthritis─ Peroneal tendons─ Sural nerve pain─ Heel pad problems, plus…
Operative Treatment: Complications
Wound problems• Apical wound necrosis
– Stop ROM– Leave sutures in
• Infection– Antibiotics– I&D– Soft tissue coverage?
Operative Treatment: Other Surgical Options
• Closed Reduction/ Int. Fixation─ Percutaneous ─ Arthroscopic assisted
• Ilizarov• Primary Fusion• Others?
Surgery: Percutaneous
• Fewer wound problems
• More difficult reductions?
• Ex. Essex-Lopresti maneuver
Surgery: Percutaneous I
• Essex-Lopresti maneuver
• Tongue type fractures
Essex-Lopresti, Clin Orthop, 290: 3-16, 1993
Surgery: Percutaneous I
Essex-Lopresti, Clin Orthop, 290: 3-16, 1993
GIII open fractureGIII open fracture
Surgery: Percutaneous II
Surgery: Percutaneous II
• Joint elevated through open Joint elevated through open woundwound• Percutaneous fixationPercutaneous fixation
Surgery: Ilizarov
• Minimally invasive• Indirect reduction• Learning curve• Immediate
weightbearing
Paley and Fischgrund, Clin Orthop, 290: 125-131, 1993
Surgery: Ilizarov
GIII open fractureGIII open fracture
Surgery: Ilizarov
Surgery: Primary Fusion
• Sanders type IV• Severe cartilage
injury• ORIF calcaneus,
debride cartilage, and fuse
Summary
• High energy injuries• Risk for long term morbidity• ORIF can give good, reproducible results if
complications are avoided• Individualize treatment • Longterm outcomes studies are needed
comparing treatment alternatives
Return to Lower Extremity
Index
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