Introduction to anatomy & physiology2

Aug. 24, 2010- Lab Safety Quiz Answer the following questions on your own

sheet of paper, using the picture given. DO NOT write the questions.

1. List 3 unsafe activities shown in the illustration and explain why each is unsafe.

2. List 3 correct lab procedures depicted in the illustration.

3. Compare Luke and Duke's lab techniques. Who is following the rules?

4. What are three things shown in the lab that should not be there?

5. Compare Joe and Carl's lab techniques. Who is doing it the correct way?

August 24, 2010

Lab Safety Quiz Modeling Journal Format Homework discussion/notes

Journal Set up

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

August 24, 2010

What is the difference between Anatomy & Physiology?

Anatomy and Physiology Defined

Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationship among structures.

What can we do to study anatomy? DISSECTION

Anatomy and Physiology Defined

Physiology is the study of how body structures function.

What are the levels of organization for LIVING things?

Levels of Structural Organization

The human body consists of several levels of structural organization: cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismic levels.

Directional Terms

These are commonly used by medical personal in the course of their jobs. Get into groups of four. You will each be given a few directional

terms. You must either act out or draw the

definition of each one for the class.

Superior

(toward the head)

inferior

(away from the head)

posterior

(near back of the body)

anterior

(near front of the body)

lateral (near side of the body)

medial

(near midline of the body)

proximal

(nearer the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure)

distal

(farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure)

superficial

(on the surface of the body)

Superficial Hemangioma or strawberry birthmark

Deep

(away from the surface of the body)

Cystic mass DEEP inside the body

ipsilateral

1. (same side of the body)

Ipsilateral Paralysis

contralateral

(opposite side of body)

Each hand is controlled by a contralateral motor cortex:Left brain controls right hand, etc.

parietal

(outer wall of a cavity)

Think of saran wrap lining the inside of the body cavity.

visceral

(covering an organ).

In or on an organ

Outside of an organ

Wednesday – August 25, 2010

“IN”

Bell activity:Draw anterior,

posterior, distal, and proximal.

Objective:I will draw a life size body with different directional terms.

“OUT”At the end of class…

Homework:Make sure all supplies are purchased and you have all signature forms in!

August 25, 2010

Directional Terms Drawing Out Questions

Directional Terms In the following activity you will practice

labeling directional terms on a body. Trace the outline of a group member’s

body (if possible) on butcher paper. Label the following directional terms:

superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, ipsilateral, contralateral, proximal, & distal.

You need to create a REFERENCE POINT for ipsilateral & contralateral (eye patch, scar, etc).

Make if LEGIBLE & colorful (if there is time)

OUTAnswer the following questions.

1. What are the three body planes mention on page 16 of your book?

a) Find an alternate name for each of the body planes above.

2. Draw a body with each of the three body planes.3. Define dorsal cavity. What 2 regions is it divided

into?a) What organs are found here (list 2).

4. Define Ventral cavity. What 2 regions is it split into?

a) What organs are found here (list 2).

Bell activityBody Planes Use page 16 of book Each table will be given a type of body plane. Pick one person out of each table to be your

model. Using the string given, cut your model into each

body plan as the name is called out. Table 1- Transverse Table 5-Median Table 2- Frontal Table 6- Sagittal Table 3- Coronal Table 7- Transverse Table 4- Horizontal Table 8- Coronal

August 26, 2010

Body plane engage Body Plane Notes PAG Homework (OUT)

Questions REMINDER

Research paper due tomorrow Quiz next class on week

Body Plane Planes are imaginary sections of the body. There are commonly 3 planes used to

section the body: transverse, sagittal, & coronal.

These plane sections are commonly used when observing x-rays or other anatomical structures.

Transverse

Another name: Horizontal

Defined as: A crosswise plane dividing the body

into superior and inferior parts.

Coronal

Another name: Frontal

Defined as: A lengthwise plane running side to

side; divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal Another name:

Median, midsagittal Defined as:

A lengthwise plane running front to back, diving the body into left and right sides.

Body Cavities

Spaces in the body that contain internal organs are called cavities.

There are two major body cavities: Dorsal & Ventral Cavity.

What is dorsal? What does the word mean? What does it make you think of? What organs would you find here?

What is Ventral?

If dorsal refers to the back, then ventral could only be….

What organs would you find here?

The dorsal body cavity

contains the brain and the spine. It is subdivided

into cranial (brain) and vertebral/spinal cavities (spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity

The space of the body’s trunk anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum and abdominal muscle wall. Further divided into: The

thoracic cavity (heart, lungs, trachea, etc) and the abdominopelvic cavity (liver, stomach, kidneys, etc).

OUT What body cavity (Cranial, spinal,

abdominopelvic, or thoracic) would you find: Lungs? Heart? Uterus Stomach Spine Esophagus brain

August 27, 2010

Quiz Body Type NOTES Body Type Activity Research Paper Due

Descriptive Terms of the Body Region

Terms used for the body found on your handout.

Study them for homework.

Quiz next class on this and everything else. :D

Descriptive Terms of the Body Region These terms are

more commonly used by medical personally then the terms we use.

You are more likely to hear the term occipital then head in the hospital because Occipital is more specific (back of head).

Body Types

Somatotype is a term used to describe a specific body build or physique.

There are three body types: Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph

Endomorph Heavy rounded physique

Large accumulation of fat in trunk and thighs.

“Apple shaped” endomorphs have large waistlines & more health risks.

Pear shaped endomorphs have smaller waists and more fat in the hip, thighs, and buttock. Less health risks then apples.

Apple

Pear

Mesomorph

Muscular physique

Ectomorph Thin, waifish physique characterized by

little body fat. Ectomorph DOES NOT always mean

anorexic.

Body Types In your journal, make a chart with the column below:

Looking through a magazine, find examples of the three body types.

Cut out the pictures and glue them on to your journal.

Point out the following body regions on your pictures: orbital, nasal, buccal, pectoral, deltoid, axillary, carpal, femoral, patellar, tarsal, lumbar, gluteal, & popliteal.

Mesomorph Endomorph Ectomorph

Bell activity

Using the body organs, group them as being in the:1. Cranial body cavity2. Vertebral Body cavity3. Thoracic body cavity4. Abdominal pelvic cavity

Write answers in your IN section.

Wrap up

What organs did you have? About where on your body is each

one found? What cavities would that be?

August 30, 2010

Homeostasis Discussion

Finish Body Type Activity

Homeostasis Homeostasis is a condition in which the

internal environment of the body remains relatively constant.

Homeostasis is controlled mainly by the nervous and endocrine systems.

Set point of range

The normal reading or range of a condition. For example: set point of glucose/ml is

between 80 and 100 mg. Homeostasis attempts to keep reading

within the set point of range.

Feedback loops

1. Sensor mechanisms2. Integrating or control center3. Effector mechanism4. Feedback

Signals can be either Afferent (move toward a control center) or Efferent (moves away from a control center)

Sensory Mechanisms

Nerve cells or hormone producing glands act as homeostatic sensors.

They identify conditions (temp., blood glucose) that move it out of the set point of range.

If deviations from set point range occur, an afferent signal is sent to the integration or control center.

Nerve receptors on skin feel cold

Sends info

Integration/Control Center

Integration center receives signal. Information is analyzed. Efferent signal then travels from

the center to a effector mechanism, where an action is initiated.

Nerve receptors on skin feel cold.

Hypothalamus receive info

Sends info

Sends instructions

Effectors

Effectors are organs, such as muscles or glands, that directly influence the body’s physiology.

An effector can increase or decrease temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

Nerve receptors on skin feel cold.

Hypothalamus receive infoMuscle reacts by shivering.

Sends info

Sends instructions

Temperature increases.

Feedback Homeostatic controls can be labeled as

positive or negative. Most homeostatic controls are negative.

Positive feedback

Positive feedback mechanisms are designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated.

Ex. Blood clotting increases the amount of platelets released.

Negative Feedback

Negative feedback mechanism consists of bringing a system back to its normal range of functioning.

Ex. Shivering brings low temperature back up.

OUT

Lab Preparation

August 30, 2010- Homeostasis

IN Objective: Today we will evaluate how

exercise effects the body and determine homeostatic mechanisms.

Bell Activity: What is an example of a feedback loop

(other then the shivering example).

August 31, 2010- Homeostasis

Bell activity- Get into groups for lab. Grab a lab handout and review it

before we start Research paper 2

Research Paper

What is a cytotechnologist? Due Friday

Homeostasis Lab

Monday August 31st

Question: What homeostatic conditions can be identified in a body that is exercising?

Exercise causes many factors of homeostasis to kick in to maintain internal equilibrium.

How exercise affects some of these factors can be determined by measuring and observing certain conditions of the human body.

Pre Lab Notes Work in groups of 4 or 5. Roles

A HEALTHY jump roper (must jump for 8 minutes) A Timer Someone to record BREATHING RATE (jump can

probably count their own breathes in one minute) Someone to record HEART RATE Someone to check TEMPERATURE Someone to check PERSPIRATION Level (dap paper

towel on forehead and check amount of sweat) The rest of the data can be taken with simple

observation.

How to record data Record the resting observations and values of

the person jumping rope using the following: skin color of hands and face (pale, pink, red) perspiration level (none, mild, medium, high)- Dab

forehead with a paper towel, noting any difference in sweat left behind.

external body temperature (place the thermometer under the subjects arm pit for 1 minute; the thermometer should be directly against the skin)

breathing rate (count the number of breaths in 1 minute)

heart rate (find the pulse at the wrist and count the number of beats in 1 minute)

Procedure Make initial observations and

measurements of the subject BEFORE jumping rope while they are sitting down and resting. Record your observations on the data table.

Procedures continued The student jumping

should begin jumping when the person with the watch gives the signal and continue jumping for 2 min.

After 2 min quickly make observations and measurements and record them on the data table. REMEMBER to take data for at least 1 min.

Procedures continued The student will continue jumping rope at 2

minute intervals until the 8 minute time period has been completed. After each 2 minute interval observations and measurements should be made.

When the 8 minutes is up, the student jumping rope will rest for 1 minute. After 1 minute, observations and measurements will be taken for the final time. Don’t forget to record the data on the data table.

After lab: Clean the thermometer with alcohol and return it

and all other lab materials to the designated area. Make a separate graph for each of the following:

Body Temperature at Various Intervals of Exercise Breathing Rate at Various Intervals of Exercise Heart Rate at Various Intervals of Exercise

Answer the questions in the conclusion section to describe and explain the results of the lab.