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Chapter23 - Pregnancy and Development
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Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Chapter 23
Pregnancy and Pregnancy and Human DevelopmentHuman Development
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
FertilizationFertilization
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
How long can sperm remain viable within the female reproductive tract?A. As long as 72 hoursB. As long as 6 daysC. 24 hoursD. 14 hours
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: B
Rationale:The egg is viable for 24 hours, and it takes 72 hours for the egg to reach the uterus.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
GestationGestation Ranges from conception until birth
(266 days) Divided into trimesters:
First trimesterFirst trimester: First 12 weeks Second trimesterSecond trimester: Weeks 13 through 24 Third trimesterThird trimester: Week 25 until birth
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Prenatal developmentPrenatal development Preembryonic stagePreembryonic stage: First 16 days Embryonic stageEmbryonic stage: Third until eighth
week Fetal stageFetal stage: Eighth week until birth
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Preembryonic stagePreembryonic stage
View animation on fertilization and implantation
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
ImplantationImplantation
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
The product of conception is at which stage when it implants in the uterus?A. EmbryoB. ZygoteC. MorulaD. Blastocyst
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: D
Rationale:The product of conception is known as an embryo from the third until the eighth week, a zygote at the time of fertilization, and a morula when it first enters the uterine cavity.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Embryonic stageEmbryonic stage
Yolk sac
Allantois
Amnion
Chorion
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Placenta and umbilical cordPlacenta and umbilical cordLacunae
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Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Function of the placentaFunction of the placenta
Fetal waste
Oxygen, nutrients, & antibodies
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Fetal Fetal circulationcirculation
View animation on fetal circulation
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
What is the function of the foramen ovale?A. Divert blood from the right to the left atrium B. Divert blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cavaC. Divert blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta D. Shunt blood from the umbilical artery to the umbilical vein
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: A.
Rationale:The ductus venosus diverts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to bypass the liver. The ductus arteriosus diverts blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to bypass the lungs. There is no shunt from the umbilical artery to the umbilical vein.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Fetal developmentFetal development
4 weeks
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
8 weeks
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
12 weeks
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
20 weeks
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
36 weeks
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
When is the fetus capable of gas exchange?
A.16 weeks gestationB.36 weeks gestationC.28 weeks gestationD.22 weeks gestation
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Correct answer: C
Rationale:Although the respiratory system is immature at this stage, it is capable of gas exchange.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy
Nausea and vomiting Constipation Heartburn ↑ basal metabolic rate
Digestive Digestive systemsystem
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Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy
↑ maternal blood volume ↑ cardiac output Hemorrhoids, varicose veins, foot
swelling
Circulatory Circulatory systemsystem
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy
↑ ventilation Shortness of breath
Respiratory Respiratory systemsystem
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy
Salt and water retention ↑ urine output Frequent urination (later in
pregnancy)
Urinary systemUrinary system
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
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Physical changes with Physical changes with pregnancypregnancy
Skin stretches over abdomen and breasts
Uterus enlarges dramatically
Integumentary system & uterusIntegumentary system & uterus
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Why does maternal cardiac output increase by 30% to 40% by the 27th week?
A.Because the fetus needs bloodB.Because of the demands of the uterusC.Because of the demands of the placentaD.Because the fetus needs more oxygen
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Correct answer: B
Rationale:As the uterus expands, it demands a greater blood supply.
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
ChildbirthChildbirth Probable triggers:
Decline in progesterone Release of oxytocin Uterine stretching
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Stage 1: Dilation of cervixStage 1: Dilation of cervix
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Stage 2: Expulsion of babyStage 2: Expulsion of baby
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Stage 3: Delivery of Stage 3: Delivery of placentaplacenta
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LactationLactation
Progesterone stimulates development of acini
Estrogen stimulates growth of ducts
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Anterior pituitary →Prolactin→ Milk production
Posterior pituitary→ Oxytocin →Milk secretion
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
Understanding Anatomy & PhysiologyUnderstanding Anatomy & PhysiologyA Visual, Interactive ApproachA Visual, Interactive Approach
Which hormone is responsible for the production of milk in the mammary glands?A. EstrogenB. OxytocinC. ProlactinD. Progesterone
Copyright © 2012 F.A. Davis Company
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Correct answer: C
Rationale:Estrogen stimulates the growth of ducts throughout the mammary glands. Progesterone stimulates the development of acini at the ends of the ducts. Oxytocin is responsible for the secretion of milk.
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