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MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Dr. R. S. RANA, Scientist(Agricultural Engineering,
HAREC,Dhaulakuan, Distt. Sirmour(HP)
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Water is fundamental for life and health. The human right to water is indispensable for leading a healthy life in human dignity. It is a pre-requisite to the realization of all other human rights.-The United Nations Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights,
Environment News Service, 27 Nov 02
The period 2005-2015 is the International Decade for action ‘Water for Life’
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Water ScarcityCriteria<1000 m3 per capita/year : Severely water scarce1000 -1700m3 per capita/year : Water scarce
Status1990 : 18 severely water scare countries (<500 m3 in 12)2025 : 30 severely water scare countries (<500 m3 in 19)
Ref:www.fao.org/waterbudget
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DO WE HAVE ENOUGH WATER ?
• With 2085 cubic km of fresh water India stands 7th in the world.
• India heading towards water scarce situation
Source: Biswaas, A.K. 1998. Water Resources-Environmental Planning, Management and Development. Pub: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited , New Delhi
YEAR PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY, CU M
1947 6008
1994 2280
2025 1500
2050 1270
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Agriculture, in India• Share: 25% of the National GDP 15% of exports. • Agriculture sector - largest consumer of water.
• To meet the food security, income and nutritional needs of the projected population in 2020, the food production in India will have to be almost doubled to 400 million tons.
• Alone consumes 88% of water available which irrigate 38% of cultivated area (DAC, 1999).
• The overall irrigation efficiency of conventional irrigation methods such as furrow and border has not been more than 40% (INCID, 1994).
Virtual water for some important products
Virtual water is the volume of water required to produce a commodity or service. (Tony Allan, 1990)
By importing virtual water, water poor countries can
relieve the pressure on their domestic water resources.
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If water is priced at 1 paise a liter, it costs Rs. 1,20,000 for growing paddy in one hectare land
Paddy requires approx. 120 cm of water
Valuing Water
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Irrigating LandOr
Crops ?
Wasteful surface irrigation method
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DEPLETING GROUND WATER
Water diversion for domestic demand
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What is Microirrigation?What is Microirrigation?Frequent application of small quantities
of water directly above and below the soil surface; usually as discrete drops, continuous drops, tiny streams, or microspray; through emitters or applicators placed along a water delivery line
To irrigate and fertigate the plant instead of soil
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Moisture availability in different irrigation methods
Days
Drip method
Sprinkler method
Surface method
Wilting point (15 atm)
Field capacity (1/3 atm)
Fig.1. Moisture availability to crops in different irrigation methods
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Types of MI SystemsTypes of MI Systems
A. Surface • On-line drip systems• In-line drip systems• Micro-jets• Micro-sprinklersB. Subsurface drip Irrigation system
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Controlled applicationHigh soil water potential in root zonePartial soil wettingMaintain dry foliageUse of low quality waterEnergy efficientFertigation/ chemigationAdoption of marginal waterAdoption to landscape irrigationAdoption to protected crops
Attributes
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Low water delivery rate and pressure
Precise placement of water and nutrients
Minimum application, runoff and deep percolation losses
Improves irrigation control and efficiency
Less weed growth
Improved crop yields
More crop per unit water
Advantages
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High initial cost
Clogging
Salt accumulation in soil
Lack of microclimate
Irrigation for seed germination
Operational constraints
Limitation
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DRIP IRRIGATIONIt is the technique of slow application of
water in the form of discrete, continuous drop, tiny stream or miniature sprays through mechanical devices called drippers or emitters.
18Fig 2 : A general layout of drip irrigation system
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Water distribution under point source
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6 x 8LPH
2½-3ft 2ft
Online dripper placement
Wetting Pattern
Plant
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Double lateral wetting pattern 8 x 4LPH
Plant
Wetting Pattern
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Sr.No State Up to 2005-06 (ha) 2006-07 (ha) Total (ha)
1 Maharashtra 219696 51597 2712932 Andhra Pradesh 152227 66258 2184853 Karnataka 114304 21679 1359834 TamilNadu 116665 12241 1289065 Gujarat 16686 38314 550006 Rajasthan 10025 2653 126787 Kerala 10559 848 114078 Madhya Pradesh 6483 2751 92349 Uttar Pradesh 4609 1633 6242
10 Punjab 4262 1141 540311 Haryana 4219 1068 528712 Orissa 2036 429 246513 Chattisgarh 1979 0 197914 Goa 740 8 748
Total 664490 200620 865110
Table 2: STATUS OF DRIP IRRIGATION COVERAGE IN INDIA
Gujarat 2007-08 45,000 ha Total= 100000 ha
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Sr.No.
Country Irrigated area
(M ha)
Area under Microirrigation (M ha) Sprinkler % Drip % Total %
1 Israel 0.23 0.058 25 0.170 74 0.228 992 France 1.58 1.42 90 0.103 7 1.523 973 Russia 4.45 3.96 89 0.200 4 4.160 934 Saudi Arabia 1.17 0.75 64 0.198 17 0.948 815 Spain 3.28 0.89 27 1.172 36 2.062 636 USA 21.3 9.80 46 1.209 6 11.01 527 South Africa 1.49 0.60 40 0.178 12 0.778 528 Brazil 3.44 1.20 35 0.378 11 1.578 469 India 60.0 1.71 3 0.850 1 2.300 4
Table 1. Countries having significant areas under microirrigation
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MICRO-SPRINKLER IRRIGATIONIn this system small sprinkler like devices called
micro-sprinkler, spray water over soil surface in the root zone at low pressure.
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Micro-sprinkler irrigation in citrus orchard
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Micro-sprinkler irrigation in floriculture
27 Micro sprinkler irrigation under control condition
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Operating pressure: 1-2 bars
Flow rate: 35-250 litres/hr
Wetting diameter: 3-6 m
Precipitation rate: 2-20 mm/hr
Performance Characteristics of Mirco-Jet
Ref: Pressurized Irrigation Techniques By FAO
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Micro-jet irrigation with 1800
30 Micro-jet irrigation with 3600
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Subsurface Drip irrigation
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Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is advancement over surface drip irrigation.
Defined as application of water below the soil surface through the emitters, with discharge rates generally in the same range as surface drip irrigation
Indicates lateral placement below soil surface.
Subsurface Drip Irrigation
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Reduced evaporation loss
Precise placement of water and chemicals
More efficient water and chemical use
Enhanced plant growth, crop yield and quality
Less interference with cultural operations
Reduced damage due to weed, pest and diseases
Reduced exposure of irrigation equipment to damage
No soil crusting due to irrigation
Advantages of SDI over surface drip irrigation
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5 cm10 cm15 cm20 cm
Soil Surface
Location of laterals
Fig.7: Section at X-X
R1 R2 R3
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Depth of lateral, ZW1,T1
W2,T2
W3,T3
W4,T4
W5,T5
D1, T1
D2, T2
D3, T3
D4, T4D5, T5
Fig. 8: Soil wetting under SDI at different duration of water application
Location of dripper
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Soil wetting with different depth of placement of laterals
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Soil wetting with 15, 10 and 5 cm depth of lateral
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Subsurface Drip irrigation
40 Subsurface drip irrigation in cotton
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Micro irrigation techniques have provided an alternative to the farming community because of its water-saving and yield increasing potential which raises the prospect of increasing the crop productivity.
Different micro-irrigation methods along with mulch and proper crop geometry increases the water use efficiency and yields of crops by many folds.
Micro-irrigation techniques have materialized the concept of “more crop per drop” by insuring the availability of adequate quantity and quality of water especially in dryland agriculture where water is the most limiting factor in crop production.
Subsurface drip is expected to give valuable results under dry weather conditions and mitigate the adverse effect of water scarcity supporting substantially good yields.
Conclusion
• In traditional agriculture,water management
andNutrient Managementaretwo distinct activities.
Traditional Practice of Agriculture
FERTIGATION vs. FERTILIZATIONAPPLICATION OF NUTRIENTSAPPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS
Conventional pre plant fertilizer: Plants get a larger dosage of fertilizer than they require at the time it is applied. Losses occur.
Fertigation: Fertilizers are applied according the need for nutrients, following the uptake rate of the crop.
Why Fertigation?
Losses through leaching, volatilization and runoff
Active root zone area due to restricted wetted area
In broadcast or band application 40 % of fertilizer fall beyond the active root zone
Soil erosion and Run-off
Fates of Applied Nutrients
Immobilization
Leaching Lattice/Chemical fixation
Plant removal Volatilization
Selection of crop/ variety
Ways to improve efficiency
Methods of application
Time of application
Land and irrigation management
Nutrient source
Use of inhibitor/ modified forms
Balance nutrition
Integrated use
“To be a good fertigator, a grower first needs to be a good irrigator” Clark, G.A.(1991)
1. Uniform application of fertilizer:2. Placement in root zone;
3. Quick and convenient method:4. Save /Increased fertilizer use efficiency:
5. Frequent application is possible:6. Application in different grades of
fertilizers:7. Micronutrients application:
8. Saves ground water pollution:9. Increase in crop yield
Fertigation advantages
Limitation of fertigation
High initial cost:
Uneven nutrient distribution when the irrigation system is
faulty
Chemical reactions of fertilizers with calcium and
bicarbonate in water, which can lead to clogging.
Need for skilled labour/ trained hands for management
and maintenance.
Fertilizer suitability:
Suitable fertilizers for fertigation •High nutrient content in a form readily available to
plants.
•Highly soluble at field temperature conditions.
•Fine-granule product.
•No chemical interaction between the fertilizer and
irrigation water.
•Minimum content of conditioning agent.
Pressure GaugeAir release
ValveDisk Filter
Hydro-Cyclone Filter
Fertilizer Pump
Disk Filter
Inlet
Outlet
Media filter
Fertilizertank
Air valveWater Meter(optional)
Throttlevalve
Non-returnvalve Pressure
gauge
Flow Control& Backflushvalves
Head Control UnitHead Control Unit
Disc filter
FERTILIZER INJECTION METHODSFERTILIZER INJECTION METHODS
Fertilizer tank Venturi injector Fertilizer pumps
GRAVEL FILTER
Hydro Cyclone Filter
Hydro Cyclone Filter
Leader Filter Parts – Step by Step
Filter Body
Cover
Filter Element
Seal
Cap
Water/pressure release valve
Rain water harvesting - MIS
Approximately 15-20 m head is sufficient for getting 1.2 kg pressure at mains inlet
Zero energy MIS
Fertilizer tankFilter
Water source
Over flow outlet
Non return valve
Fertilizer tank (Flow by-pass system):
Injection pump
Fertilizer tank
Filter
Water source
Over flow outlet
Non return valve
Fertilizer Injector Pump (Fertigation Pump)
Fertigation
Non return valve
Ventury injector
Drip + Mulch + Fertigation in brinjal
Methods of irrigation
Water saving : 20%
Fertilizer saving : 20%
Water saving : 20%
Fertilizer saving : 20%
Methods of irrigation
Paired row + Drip irrigation + black plastic mulch +fertigation in banana
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 20-35
Water saving 40Fertilizer saving 40Early maturity 30-35 (days)
Paired row +Drip irrigation + Black plastic mulch + fertigation in tomato
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 37
Water saving 33Fertilizer saving 40
Drip irrigation + mulch in brinjal
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 39
Water saving 40Fertilizer saving 20
Paired row + Drip irrigation + black plastic mulch + fertigation in okra
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 25
Water saving 40Fertilizer saving 20
Paired row + Drip irrigation + plastic mulch in bitter gourd
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 18
Water saving 40
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 40
Water saving 20Fertilizer saving 25
Drip irrigation with black plastic mulch in rose
Sprinkler irrigation + fertigation in onion cv. Gujarat Red
Sr. No. Crop / Variety(Spacing: cm)
% Water saving
% Yield
increase
% N saving
1 Onion cv. Gujarat Red (15 x 20) 42 23 20
Paired row + Drip irrigation + black plastic mulch + fertigation in chillies
Improvement over surface method of irrigation (%)Yield 20-45
Water saving 40-50Fertilizer saving 20
Fertigation with micro-irrigation Systems
Drip or
Micro Jet
Pivot or frontal irrigation boom
Foliar application
Sprinkler irrigation + fertigation in onion cv. Gujarat Red
Sr. No. Crop / Variety(Spacing: cm)
% Water saving
% Yield
increase
% N saving
1 Onion cv. Gujarat Red (15 x 20) 42 23 20
CONCLUSION
From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that fertigation, a recently emerged advance technique holds promise in yield maximization in wide spaced crops viz. cash crops, fruits & vegetables and plantation crops. Besides bumper yield in most of the crops, it realizes 20-40 %fertilizer saving and 40-50% water saving as well as nutrient uptake and better quality of produce. Adoption of this technique to a larger extent will not only increase the crop yield but also the fertilizer use efficiency and quality of produce. However, extensive efforts are required for standardization of this technique for varying crops and conditions.
Vision Values Strategy Resource Capability Motivation Feed Back =Change
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Confusion
Corruption
Diffusion
Frustration
Fatigue
Crawl
Doubt
Managing Change
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Main canal
Branch / Distributary
Minor
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PUMP AND FILTRATION ROOM
CANAL
POWER LINE
PIPES + DIGGI + PUMP& PUMP ROOM + POWER
PIPES
PINS
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PUMP ROOM
DIGGI
CANAL
OUT LET
SUMP WELL
POWER LINE
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Concept of PINS- Network Bridge Between Canal and MIS in the Field
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Sample Chak Plan Showing Layout of Buried pipe lineSample Chak Plan Showing Layout of Buried pipe line
outlet
naka
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Save Water
Save energy
and… save life
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THANKSTHANKS
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