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Food Security in the HKH Region in Water and Energy Constrained World Paper presented by Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods at ICIMOD workshop on HIMAP on 15 October 2014
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International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Kathmandu, Nepal
Food Security in the HKH Region in
Water and Energy Constrained
World
Paper presented by Golam Rasul, Theme Leader, Livelihoods
at ICIMOD workshop on HIMAP on 15 October 2014.
Outline
1. State of the Food Security
2. Drivers of change
3. Opportunities
4. Challenges
5. Emerging issues
6. Key questions
1. State of the Food Security
Mountain Food Security is
Complex & Diverse
Mountain food security &
Livelihoods
Management of rangeland, forests &
water resources
Livestock
& fisheries
Field crops, fruits &
vegetables
Off-farm income
Reduced pressure on agriculture
Food, cash
Fuel wood, fodder, timber
Meat, wool, milk cash and service
Manure/ nutrients
Fodder, shed & water
Cash for inputs Cash for inputs
Cash for food & non-food items
Animal power
Nutrient conservation & irrigation
Background
• Land use: 63% pasture, 21%
forest, 11% protected area only 5%
agricultural land
• Livelihoods- HH Income - 48% from
farm, 28% off-farm, 11%
remittances, 13% from other sources
• Agriculture largely subsistence
• 30 million people depends on
livestock & pasture in the HKH
region
Food Security • Food insecurity & poverty is
widespread
– 40% HH are still under the threat of
food insecurity & malnutrition
• - Food deficiency- 65 to 80 %
households food deficient -
• Generally own food production last
for 5 to 6 months
Food security
Pakistan:
• National: 48% food insecure
• In Mountains: 57%
India: Dietary Energy (Kcal/day/capita)
• National average = 2135
• In mountains = 2095
Nepal: (per capita food deficit/surplus)
• - Deficit - Mountain 37 , hill 23 kg
• - surplus - Terai 24 kg
Multidimensional Poverty
Index, India
0.400.47
0.19
0.49 0.49
0.24
Headcount Intensity MPI
Non-mountain areas Mountain areas
Source: DHS, Government of India
Water & Energy poverty
• Poor access to irrigation & safe
drinking water
– Only 37% HH in
Manipur, India, has the access to
safe drinking water.
– Agriculture largely rain-fed - low irrigation
coverage 4.4 % in Nepal, 9% in India
• Huge energy deficit
– About 90% rural HH use biomass for coking
– 60% energy consumption comes from
biomass.
– Per HH use 17 ton fuel wood annually.
2. Drivers of change
Fragility
Vulnerability
Marginality
InaccessibilityAdaptation mechanism
Diversity
Niches
Mountain specificities
Food & Livelihoods Security in a changing context
• Subsistence system => commercial• Increase in efficiency & productivity• High value & Niche products, Non-farm• Increased mobility-migration, remittances
• Human poverty• Livelihood insecurity• Food insecurity• Gender & social inequity
•3. Opportunities
12
Opportunities
• Globalization and liberalization – opened up
market for mountain niche products
• Subsistence agriculture moving towards
commercialization
• Opportunities created for livelihood
diversification – tourism, remittances, micro-
enterprises
Trends in Agriculture
• Transition from Subsistence to cash crop:
Horticulture, NTFPs, medicinal
plants, potato, zinger, agroforestry, vegetables,
spices, nuts,…
Potato has
emerged as
important cash
crop in Bhutan &
Nepal in
mountain farmers
seed potato crop
Potato field in Bhutan Cardamom in India
Apple in India & PakistanPineapple in Bangladesh
Grapes, Apricots in Afghanistan 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Assam Himachal Pradesh Jammu &Kashmir All India
1990-91
2000-01
2005-06
Increase % of area under horticulture in India
Horticulture crops are 3 times
more profitable (Rs.48,164/ha
than the field crops
(Rs.16,619/ha) [Sikkim, India]
Trends in Agriculture
Trends in Agriculture in HKH
Region
• Diversification of high value cash
crops: mushroom, Matsutake
farming and Cordyceps collection in
hills & mountains Bhutan & Nepal
MatsutakeMushroom Medicinal plants
Beekeeping
Growing non-farm sector
• Non-farm based rural employment is emerging
slowly
• Tourism - In Nepal, tourism contributes 3.5 %
GDP, generated employment for 0.4 million
• Remittance receiving Households-
54% in Upper Indus
74% in Koshi
58% Eastern Brahmaputra
21% Salween & Mekong
•4. Future Challenges
Demand on land for hydropower
• Energy is driving land & water use
• Energy demand is growing 3-5% annually
• Future of nuclear energy after Fukushima
• Demand for Hydropower & Bioenergy is
growing
Hydropower in Indian Himalayan
Region
• GOI aims to build
292 hydropower in
IHR by 2030
• In 12th plan, about
100 hydropower
schemes are
planned in IHR
States No of
scheme
s
MW
Himachal Pradesh 15 2457
Jammu & Kashmir 8 3923
Uttarakhand 24 6858
Darjeeling (West
Bengal state)
3 240
Sikkim 11 2455
Arunachal Pradesh 26 9579
Assam 1 150
Manipur 2 1566
Meghalaya 2 504
Hydropower in Pakistan
• Pakistan has about 60, 000 MW hydropower
potential
• Government is encouraging private investment to
promote hydropower
Identified hydropower sites in
KPK
Identified hydropower site in
Gilgit-Baltistan
Demand on land for biofuel
• Demand for land for bioenergy is growing
– India- targeted 20% biodesel blending to produce 13 million
tons of biodiesel annually from 11 million hectares of
land.
– Pakistan- 10% ethanol blending by 2020
– Increase ethanol production from 0.2 million tons in 2006 to 4.3
million tons in 2020-
• Biofuel production will have serious implications on land &
water
5. Emerging issues
• Hydropower & biofuel may change the landscape of HKH
region
• Growing trade-offs food, energy & water
• Increased vulnerabilities & risks of food security
• Increased globalization may erode mountain biodiversity
• Outmigration- feminization of agriculture, shortage of
agricultural labor, the abandonment of agricultural land
• Degradation of land, water, ecosystems
• Policies, institutions, technologies insensitive to mountain
contexts- unequal exchange & resource flow
6. Key questions
• How food, water & energy needs of mountain
communities could best be met?
• How to balance land demand for food, water &
energy?
• How to manage their trade-offs & exploit synergies?
• How mountain people can be part of & receive fair
benefits from the development of land, water, &
energy resources in the HKH region?
•
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