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4
Aichi Biodiversity Targets
Biodiversity integrated into poverty reduction strategies
Biodiversity conservation through equitable management
CBD implemented with local community participation
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For people to meet their daily needs, & make a living, in ways
that support protected area conservation
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Bwindi’s ICD Introduced to resolve conflict - Authorised resource harvesting - Revenue sharing Now varied & many: - General poverty alleviation - Target specific poverty – conservation linkages - Batwa
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Bwindi’s ICD Improved Park-Community relations Enabled local participation in Park management But little impact on illegal activities Tended to benefit less-poor
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Hypothesis
Poorest households undertake unauthorised resource use
And they do so to meet subsistence needs
Those undertaking unauthorised resource use perceive that they have benefitted less from ICD
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Research Challenges
• Ethical considerations
• Solution: UCT, an indirect questioning technique
Estimate prevalence of resource use & profile characteristics of those involved Needs a large sample
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Household Survey
Measuring poverty • Basic Necessity Survey • Observed ‘wealth’ indicators
UCT Status
Medicinal plants & honey Authorised
Firewood, bushmeat & building poles Unauthorised
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Household surveys
Authorised Resource Users (n=72)
People arrested for bushmeat hunting
Jan11 – Aug12 (n=41)
People arrested for illegal activities during
fieldwork Aug12 – July13 (n=12)
Stratified random sample of households
(n=192)
Randomly selected Batwa (n=48)
Focus groups to triangulate findings
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Authorised Resource Users
Compared with other villagers… • Higher wealth scores
• Live closer to trading centres
• Larger households
• Described more benefits from ICD projects
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All Unauthorised Resource Users
Compared with other villagers… • Live further from trading centres
• Live closer to the Park boundary
• Larger households
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Building a picture
Profile Authorised Unauthorised
Poverty Less poor NS
Distance to trading centres
Closer Further
Distance to Park NS Closer
Household size Larger Larger
ICD projects Described more benefits
NS
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People arrested for bushmeat hunting
Compared with other villagers… • Live closer to the Park boundary
• Larger households
• Had higher wealth scores
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UCT bushmeat profile (all; not just those arrested)
Compared with other villagers… • Live closer to the Park boundary
• Unlikely to be ARUs
• Come from single households
• Have less education
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UCT firewood profile
Compared with other villagers… • Live far from a trading centre
• Have more education
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Profile Authorised Unauthorised Arrested hunter
UCT hunter UCT firewood
Poverty Less poor NS Less poor NS NS
Distance to trading centres
Closer Further NS NS Further
Distance to Park
NS Closer Closer Closer NS
Household size
Larger Larger Larger Single NS
Education NS NS NS Less More
ICD projects Described more benefits
NS NS Not ARUs NS
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Why do people take forest resources?
Poverty • Primarily for subsistence needs
• People do not have money to purchase
• Bushmeat sought for medicinal needs, especially
severe malnutrition in children
• Surplus is sold locally
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But poverty is only half of the story
• Some hunters are not the poorest in their
community
• They hunt because they believe protected area conservation is unfair
Feelings of unfairness over Bwindi’s conservation
unfair share of Revenue Sharing
jobs given to outsiders
lack of support over crop raiding
“People are angered by the revenue sharing of giving goats. Those who are benefitting by receiving goats are those who
are not living near the Park. People near the Park [like us] are denied goats, so we are angry and go to the Park and poach”
Farmer of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, 2013
Local people believe protected area conservation is unfair, & these beliefs are as important as poverty in driving illegal activities
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Hypothesis Results
Poorest households undertake unauthorised resource use and they do so to meet subsistence needs
YES poverty drives resource use NO people not the poorest in their community take protected resources, driven by feelings of unfairness
Those undertaking unauthorised resource use perceive that they have benefitted less from ICD
YES people seek compensation because they feel distribution of costs & benefits of conservation are unfair
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