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Water Management in sub-tropical climate in Haiti Cul De Sac from the Soil Perspective
Zamir Libohova1, Thomas Reinsch2 Charles Kome2, Paul Reich2, Tony Rolfes3, Nathan Jones4, Steve Monteith1, Manuel Matos5, Linda Scheffe1, Susan Southard1, Rich
Ferguson1, Lillian Woods6 and Kim Green2
1 USDA-NRCS-National Soil Survey Center, 100 Centennial Mall NorthFederal Building, Room 152, Lincoln, NE 68508-3866 2 USDA-NRCS - World Soil Resources, 3 USDA-NRCS Pacific Islands Area, 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Room 4-118, Honolulu, HI 96850-0050 4 USDA-NRCS State Soil Scientist, 200 4th Street, Huron, SD 57350 5 USDA-NRCS Major Land Resources Area Soil Survey Leader, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico Soil Survey Office, 2200 Pedro Albizu Campos Avenue, Mayaguez, PR 006806 USDA-NRCS, International Programs Division, 5601 Sunnyside Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705
République d’HaïtiRepiblik d’Ayiti
Physiographic Setting of Cul de Sac
• 70 % flat with moderate- to high-density agriculture. Elevation varies from 52-130m over several kilometers with a downward gradient from southwest to northeast towards brackish Lake Azuei and Calman.
• 30 % mixture of limestone sedimentary rocks that crop out and overlaid by dissected calcareous alluvial deposits, dominated by savanna type vegetation. Elevations ranges from 130-330m.
• The area is confined by the Grey River to the west and White River to the east.
Grey River
White River
République d’HaïtiRepiblik d’Ayiti
The annual mean temperature in the Cul- de Sac Valley is 26.2°C;
The mean annual precipitation is 740 mm;
Falling in two rainy seasons.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec0
50
100
150
200
250
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cul de Sac Mean Monthly PrecipitationHaiti Mean Monthly PrecipitationCul de Sac Mean MonthlyTemperatureHaiti Mean Monthly Temperature
Month
Prec
ipit
ation
(mm
)
Tem
pera
ture
(0C)
République d’HaïtiRepiblik d’Ayiti
April–June Oct.–Nov.
Climate of Cul de Sac
Most common limitations
Restriction Criteria Restriction Type SymbolSlopes 1 to 15% Landscape Position LPDepth to Cemented Pan 50 to 150cm
Limiting Layers LLDepth to Hard Bedrock 50 to 150cmDepth to Soft Bedrock 50 to 150cmDepth to Water Table 60-90cm, in growing seasonKsat Minimum; 0.14 to 1.4um/sec; 0 to 50cm
Water Avaiability AWSeepage, Ksat Max; 14 to 44um/sec, 0-150cm Ponding Duration in Growing SeasonFlooding > Rare FrequencyDroughty (7.5 to 18.0 AWC) 0 to 150cm Fragments >75mm, 25 to 35% by WTD Av. 0-40" Physical Barriers PBLarge Surface Stones > 250mm (.1 to 5%) CaCO3 Maximum <50%; 25 to 100cm
Chemical Barriers CBExcess Sodium, SAR 6 TO 20; 0-150cmSalinity => 4 mmhos/cm Somewhat Limiting Soil Reaction (pH 3.5 to 5.0); 0 to 100cm Soil Reaction (pH > 9.0); 0 to 100cm
Site 12 – Sha-Sha Site 13 - Ganthier Site 11 - Delamn
Site 12 Site 13 Site 11 Site 4
Site 4 – Bel Fond Site 1 – Bas Boen
Site 1
Petro calcic (CaCO3)
Gravel
Colluvium/AlluviumCollu
vium
Collu
vium
AlluviumBedr
ock
Bedr
ock
Bedr
ock
Collu
vium
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500
Distance (m)
0 10 20 30 40
0
50
100
150
200
Extractable Na
CEC
(cmol(+) kg-1)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
50
100
150
200
Total Clay
Sand
Percent (%)0 25 50 75 100
0
50
100
150
200
Total Clay
Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)0 10 20 30 40 50
0
50
100
150
200
Total Clay
Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)0 25 50 75 100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Total Clay Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
25
50
75
100
Total Clay
Rock Frag-ments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Site 3
Site 3 – Sha-Sha
10D 9E 8C 7B 5A 3A 4A 1ASMU
LP/LL/PB LL/PB LP/LL/PB/CB LL/AW/PB CB AW/CB
Site 12 – Sha-Sha
LP/LL/PB
Site 13 - Ganthier
LL/PB
Site 3 – Sha-Sha
LP/LL/PB/CB
Site 11 - Delamn
LL/AW/PB
Site 4 – Bel Fond Site 1 – Bas Boen
AW/CBCB
7 8 9 10 11 120
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450 pH H2O
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 10 20 30 400
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450Extractable Na CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
10 20 30 40 500
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450 Total Clay
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 1: Bas Boen
0 25 50 75 1000
50
100
150
200
250
Total Clay CaCO3 Clay SiltSand Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 25 50 75 1000
50
100
150
200
250
CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)CaCO3 < 2mm (%)CaCO3 < 20mm (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 11: Delman
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Total Clay
CaCO3 Clay
Silt
Sand
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
25 50 75 1000
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)
CaCO3 < 2mm (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 1 2 3 4 50
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 11: Del Man
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Total Clay CaCO3 Clay Silt Sand Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 25 50 75 1000
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)CaCO3 <2mm (%)CaCO3 <20mm (%)Na (mmol(+) L-1)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 1 2 3 4 50
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 11: (West off) Del Man
0 25 50 75 1000
50
100
150
200
250
Total Clay CaCO3 Clay Silt Sand Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 25 50 75 1000
50
100
150
200
250
CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)CaCO3 < 2mm (%)CaCO3 < 20mm (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 11: (West off) Del Man
0 25 50 75 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
Total Clay CaCO3 Clay SiltSand Rock Fragments (>2mm)
Percent (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 25 50 75 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
CEC (cmol(+) kg-1)CaCO3 < 2mm (%)CaCO3 < 20mm (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
0 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
Organic Carbon (%)
Soil
Dept
h (c
m)
Site 3: Sha-Sha
Concluding Remarks• One size does not fit all;• Improve Soil Conditions:
• Physical – remove rock fragments from the surface layer;• Biological – Increase composting;• Chemical – Apply P/K and especially micronutrients.
• Select tree species and crop varieties that can tolerate and/or adept to high soil pH and Salinity;
• Diversify the Land use: • Intensify in small areas that are suitable for vegetables
and cash crops;• Agroforestry (Plant Fruit trees mixed with Savanna grass);
République d’HaïtiRepiblik d’Ayiti
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