View
23
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Managing Human Wastes in Alpine Zones in Japan
A Former Special Researcher of Nagano Environmental Conservation Research Institute
Tomio Suzuki
1
2
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones 1.The SAT method
2.A Johkasou method (A secondary effluent circulation type)3.A transportation method (A feces transportation type)
4.A composting method (A moisture and temperature controlled type)5.Other methods
Ⅲ. Administrative supports1.A financial support program
2.An environmental technology verification program
The outline of the presentation
Ⅰ. Background1.The reason why human waste has been dumped
2.Worries derived from human waste dumping3.Voluntary and pioneering actions
4.An impact of objective research results5.Cooperation and networks
3
Human waste treating methods applied at most of areas in Japan
Sewerage Johkasou(Cleaning tank)
Transportation by vacuum cars
These methods could be scarcely applied in alpine zones except some lodges
Exclusive treating methods for alpine zones have been scarcely developed
Besides
Consequently
Period of the dumping exceeded 100 years at the most oldest lodge.
Ⅰ. Background1.The reason why human waste has been
dumped in alpine zones
Human wastes have been dumped in many lodges without treatment.
Because of the severe natural conditions of alpine zones
4
1. Emission of bad smelling subjects
2. Damages to the beauty of alpine environment
3. Growth of harmful insects
4. Pollution of spring water for drinking by bacteria
6. Eutrofication of rivers and ponds
7. Damages to alpine plants
These worries had been free from a social problem before the first half of 1900’s
Ⅰ. Background2.Worries derived from human waste dumping
5. Excess of bacteria over the standards in river water
5
Detection of coli forming bacteria exceeding the standards has caused the necessity for human
waste treatment Cooperation to prevent human waste dumping has led to the creation of networks
Development of human waste treatment technologies has been conducted
including the SAT method
Voluntary and pioneering researches on rivers and springs in alpine zones had been conducted in
1970’s
Ⅰ. Background3.Voluntary and pioneering actions
4.An impact of objective research results5.Cooperation and networks
What is the SAT method?The abbreviated name for the Seeding-Aeration-Trench method
6
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones
1. The SAT method
Removal efficiency of pollutants in the SAT method Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):99%Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):80 %Total Nitrogen (TN) : 80 %Total Phosphorus (TP):99 %
Where is the SAT method applied?Applicable at lodges where a sewerage, a Johkasou or a
transportation method would be scarcely applied
Secondary effluent(Brown colored)
A Diffuser
Air
Human waste
A seeding material(Bacillus)
Ground surface
A trench
An aeration tankThe strength of aeration :8m3 /(m≦ 3 ・ h)The period of aeration :One monthRemoval : H.W vs. S.E.
A soil permeating water sampling device
A vent
The schema of the SAT method
Soil permeating waterRemoval : S.E. vs. S.P.W.
A water impermeable film
Rainwater
7
The first treatment step (Aeration of raw human waste)
Aerate raw human waste with a seeding material mainly composed of a kind of bacteria, Bacillus .
A part of secondary effluent is available as a seeding material on and after second aeration treatment.
The second treatment step (Soil permeation of secondary
effluent) Permeate secondary effluent into
the ground using trenches and decompose pollutants utilizing natural purifying ability of soil.
The load of secondary effluent against a trench , 50L/(m ・month), is desirable.
Two treatment steps of the SAT method
Sampling
AV
A blower
The exterior of Yoko-o lodge
An aeration tank A blower
An aeration tank and blowers
An inner view of a trench A view of a trench buried area
A watering pipe
8
The application of the SAT method
A soil permeating water sampling device
A ventA contact media
An aeration tank
Aeration tanks of Johnen lodge
RHW 2WS 4WS0
2000
4000
6000
8000
BOD(
mg/
L)
RHW 2WS 4WS0
2000
4000
6000
8000
COD(
mg/
L)
RHW 2WS 4WS0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
(mg/
L)
RHW 2WS 4WS0
100
200
300
400
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus(
mg/
L)
RHW 2WS 4WS0
1000
2000
3000 Ch
lorid
e io
n(m
g/L)
RHW 2WS 4WS0E+00
1E+05
2E+05
3E+05
4E+05
Coli f
orm
ing
ba
cter
ia(c
fu/m
L)RHW : Raw human waste, 2WS: Aerated for 2 weeks, 4WS: Aerated for 4 weeks
95%
59%53%
99%<
17%29%
9
Removal efficiency of pollutants accompanied with aeration of human waste in the SAT method
Removal efficiency
SE : Secondary effluent, SPW2 : Soil permeating water (after 2 weeks), SPW4: Soil permeating water (after 4 weeks)10
Observed removal efficiency of pollutants accompanied with soil permeation of secondary
effluent in the SAT method
SE SPW2 SPW40
100
200
300
400
BOD(
mg/
L)
SE SPW2 SPW40
1000
2000
3000
COD(
mg/
L)SE SPW2 SPW4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
(mg/
L)
SE SPW2 SPW40
100
200
300
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus(
mg/
L)
SE SPW2 SPW40
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Chlo
ride
ion(
mg/
L)
SE SPW2 SPW40
20
40
60
80
100
Coli f
orm
ing
bact
eria
(cfu
/mL)
99%< 99%< 99%<
93%99%<99%<
Observed removal
efficiency
Secondary Effluent
Soil
Soil permeating water
Rainwater
1m
11
Amount of pollutants (Both Inflow and Outflow)
=Water quality ×Water quantity
Soil permeating water
Outline of the soil column device for the examination of actual removal efficiency of pollutants accompanied with soil
permeation of secondary effluent
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
2
4
6
8
10
12
Inflow(g) Outlfow(g)
BOD(
g)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
20
40
60
80
Inflow(g) Outlfow(g)
COD(
g)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
10
20
30
40
50
Inflow(g) Outlfow(g)
Tota
l Nitr
ogen
(g)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 240
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Inflow(g) Outlfow(g)
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus(
g)
WeeksWeeks
WeeksWeeks
12
93%
64%
58%
98%
Cumulative amounts of pollutants of inflow and outflow accompanied with
soil permeation of secondary effluent
Removal efficiency
13
Changes of the amounts of pollutants accompanied with two treatment steps of the SAT method
The amounts of pollutants were calculated about 12 m3 of human waste.
Raw human waste
After aeration After soil permeation
0
20
40
60
80
100
99%<
Raw human waste
After aeration After soil permeation
0
10
20
30
40
50
Raw human waste After aeration After soil permeation0
1
2
3
4
5
Raw human waste
After aeration After soil permeation
0
20
40
60
80
100
COD(k
g)
85%
TP(k
g)
99%
80%
TN(k
g)
BOD(k
g)
Removal efficiency
14
Notes on natural purifying ability of soil The ability is used in the second step of the SAT method
1. Soil has three natural purifying abilities 1) Physical ability such as filtration of suspended subjects through soil particles 2) Chemical ability such as adsorption of phosphorus to Al, Fe and Ca in soil 3) Biological ability such as decomposition of pollutants by microbes living in soil
2. Use soil for wastewater treatment within the purifying capacity of soil
3. Purifying ability may be decreased in phosphorus according to the saturation of adsorption capacity of soil accompanied with the increase of cumulative wastewater loading
4. Some kinds of components such as chloride ion would be scarcely removed
5. Nitrate nitrogen may increase in soil permeating water by the oxidation of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen
Human waste
An anaerobic filter tank
A kind of a Johkasou, an anaerobic filter & contact aeration typeOther kinds of Johkasou have been also prevailing
A contact aeration tank
A disinfection tank
A settling tank
Separation of suspended subjects by contact media would be expected
Decomposition of pollutants by anaerobic microbes would be expected
Decomposition of pollutants by aerobic microbes attached to contact media under an aerobic condition would be expected
Separation of suspended subjects in secondary effluent by sedimentation would be expected
Secondary effluent
15
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones 2. A Johkasou ( A c leaning tank)
method
The picture was quoted from the home page of Johkasou System Association, Japan
Toilets
A JohkasouA reserve tank
A reserve tank
Discharge
16
A Johkasou (A secondary effluent circulation type)
A bathA kitchen
Tap water
Secondary effluent
A part of secondary effluents from a Johkasou is reused as flush water of toilets by circulation.They may be colored accompanied with circulation.
A lodge
Effluents only from toilets are circulated at some public toilets
Flash water
Seco
ndar
y effl
uent
17
Human wastes are separated by feces-urine separate toilet stoolsOnly feces are transported by helicoptersFeces are treated at human waste treating facilities in citiesUrine is treated by a Johkasou set near the lodgeSecondary effluents from the Johkasou are discharged near the lodge
Pictures were offered by Ministry of the Environment, the Government of Japan
Feces storage tanks in hangars
A feces-urine separate toilet stool
A Johkasou
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones 3. A transportation method by helicopters
Publication has been permitted by Daio Densetsu Industrial Co. Ltd & Shimagare lodge18
An inside appearance of a composting vessel
An outward appearance of composting vessels
A weight sensor for the moisture controlling of the compost
A urine reserve tank
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones 4. A composting method
A moisture and temperature controlled type
A feces –urine separate toilet stool
19
Ⅱ. Human waste treatment technologies in alpine zones5. Other methods
An anaerobic digestion ・ soil permeating water circulation method An incineration method
• One method cannot be applied to a variety of locations or lodges in alpine zones.
• Application of various methods works best for various conditions of lodges.
• The development of various methods has accelerated the installation of treatment facilities in alpine zones.
The reason why various methods are prevailing in alpine zones
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20090
20
40
60
80
100
120
10
18
40
5257
67
7581
8794
102
Cum
ulat
ive
num
ber
of in
stal
led
equi
pmen
ts
20
Change of cumulative number of human waste treatment facilities installed in alpine zones after the establishment of the financial support program.
Ⅲ. Administrative supports 1. A financial support program,
A program of Ministry of the Environment (1999 ~ )
A half cost for the installation of human waste treating facilities has been subsidized.
The installation of human waste treating facilities has rapidly increased after the establishment of the financial support program.
Managing human waste on Mt. Fuji
• All 42 lodges lying on Mt. Fuji have installed human waste treatment facilities prior to 2007 using the financial support program.
• 22 facilities installed on Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture are classified into 4 groups as follows.
1) A composting method (A bio-toilet) 2) A contact aeration method (A recycled water toilet) 3) An incineration method (An incinerator toilet) 4) An anaerobic digestion ・ soil permeating water
circulation method
21
The data were quoted from “The research report of toilets on Mt. Fuji”, Shizuoka prefectural government (2007)
22
Ⅲ. Administrative supports 2. Environmental technology verification
program,A program of Ministry of the Environment
(2003 ~ )
Purpose Verifying the performance of these on site
technologies installed in the alpine zones Offering the results for users
Achievements Seventeen facilities installed in alpine zones
have been verified prior to 2010.
Results are appearing in the home page of Ministry of the Environment shown
below.http://www.env.go.jp
23
Objective research result such as the water pollution caused by coli forming bacteria has made most of people recognize the necessity of human waste treatment in alpine zones
Many organizations involved with conserving the alpine environment, have developed a common goal in addressing this issue by forming networks
New methods for human waste treatment applicable in alpine zones have been developed
---For example, the removal efficiency of BOD would be expected 99% in the SAT method---
The financial support program has accelerated the installation of treatment facilities
Managing human waste in alpine zones has been progressing without break especially during the last
40 years though it continues to develop.Main driving force of the progress is summarized as follows;
Summary
Voluntary and pioneering actions such as researches on water pollution have been proceeded by concerned individuals for the conservation of the alpine environment
24
ReferencesSlide 9, 10, 12, 13鈴木富雄( 2008 )山岳地域におけるし尿処理問題と対策の経過 , 長野県環境保全研究所研究報告 , 4. ( Tomio Suzuki (2008) A progress and the countermeasures on human waste treatment in alpine zones, Bulletin of Nagano Environmental Conservation Research Institute , No. 4. )Slide 21 静岡県環境森林部自然保護室( 2007 )富士山トイレ調査業務 . ( Shizuoka prefectural government (2007) The research report of toilets on Mt. Fuji. )Slide 26長野県( 1999 )山岳地域におけるし尿等の適正処理に関する調査研究報告書 . ( Nagano prefectural government (1999) The research report on proper treatment of human waste in alpine zones. )Slide 27, 28長野県( 2005 )環境技術実証モデル事業(山岳トイレし尿処理技術分野)委託業務完了報告書 . ( Nagano prefectural government (2005) The report on consigned research of environmental technology verification, the field of human waste treatment technologies for toilets in alpine zones. )Slide 28鈴木富雄( 2003 ) SAT 法による山岳地域のし尿処理と土壌を用いた脱窒素処理 , 信州大学山岳科学総合研究所年報 , 第 1 号 . ( Tomio Suzuki (2003) Treatment of human waste in alpine zones by SAT method and denitrification using soil, The annual report of Institute of Mountain Science, Vol 1, Shinshu University. )
25
Appendix
26
Effect of seeding material addition on removal efficiency of BOD accompanied with aeration of
human waste
RHW 2WS 4WS0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Without seeding Addition of a seeding material
RHW: Raw Human Waste,2WS: Aerated for 2 weeks, 4WS: Aerated for 4 weeks
BOD(
mg/
L)
Beginning of aeration
After 1 week
After 2 weeks
After 3 weeks
After 4 weeks
NH3(ppm)Aeration tank(A) 50 1000 400 15 1
Vent(V) <1 1 <1 <1 <1
H2S(ppm)Aeration tank(A) 3500 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
Vent(V) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
AV
27
Comparison of the concentration of NH3 and H2S in the air at the head space of aeration tank (A) with those at the vent (V)
Air
An aeration tank
A ventA blower
28
The improvements of the SAT method
SS BOD COD TOC TN0
20
40
60
80
100
Suspended subjects mixtureclear layer at the top
0 2 4 7 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Days after mixing with organic substances
NO
3-N(m
g/L)
Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) will be removed as N2 mixing with proper organic substances in
soil under an anaerobic condition
1.Denitrification of soil permeating water using soil
2.Elimination of suspended subjects (SS) in secondary effluent
Removal efficiency of pollutants will be increased by the elimination of suspended subjects in
secondary effluent
Treatment effect would be increased with such improvements shown below
Rem
oval
effi
cien
cy(%
)
Recommended