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Welcome to the world of wind energy
Site Selection
Dr. D. V. KanellopoulosOPWP Renewable Energy
Training Program11-14 December 2016
Muscat, Oman
The role of topography in wind resource
The Danish wind atlas
• Strong winds over open sea, roughness class CL0
• Deceleration over flat land and forests, roughness Class CL1
• Acceleration over hills, roughness Class CL2• Gradual deceleration as we move inland,
roughness Class CL3
Wind turbines on the coast, Denmark
Wind turbines on costal areas
Wind profiles
Topography accelerates and creates turbulence in wind
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
Topography induced velocity gradients
Topography induced velocity gradients, experimental verification of profiles
A 20% increase in
speed needs 122 m in height
A 20% increase in
speed needs 32 m in
height only
The effects of ridge orientation and shape on wts site suitability
V(hill) could be =2*V (flat plane)
Buildings affecting wind flow
h
7-20 * h
Turbulent region
Model simulations and wind tunnel experiments show areas of turbulent flows
Prevailing wind
Multi MW wts are placed high above the ground or the sea surface
Wind flows affected by trees
Wind farm in a mixed forest-agricultural area
Wind farms in forest, tall towers used
Question: can the shape of the
trees tell us something about the wind speed
magnitude or the prevailing wind direction in the
area?
FlaggingPrevailing wind directions are
more than evident there!
In a case like this one we are almost certain where are the prevailing winds are coming from.
Office work
Methodology for site selection for wind farms
Office work 1st
A particular site might produce many surprises to a future investor!Preparing a trip to the site requires work in the office and search for information regarding the site such as maps, meteorological data from stations near by, other operational wind farms data, existing wind measurements, modeling and a 4X4 car!Sitting is exiting!
The maps, can be found in paper or digital forms
www.gys.gr
www.road.gr
Scale 1:50.000
Maps scaled 1:5.000, great for preliminary
wind farm layouts
Google maps are useful
Andros Kalivari wind farm , PPCR S.A. 7 wts,
225 kW nominal power
Identify other wts, measure distances
Google Earth, get 3D views!
Fly over the sites!
Google Earth can produce useful cross section an any direction we like
Height, AGLDistanceMax slopeAverage slopeSlope at any point
Search for existing wind resource maps
http://www.cres.gr/kape/datainfo/maps.htm
www.minagric.gr
National designated forests, protected areas from industrial projects
Click on the triangles gives info
The site questionnaire
MUST make a note of the following:
1. Name of location, see map, or use near by local toponym2. Mark the location on your maps, if using a GPS it will be very
precise and is recommended. Smart phone GPS are a good approximation. A camera with a GPS is a good means in taking pictures as well as recoding longitude and latitude.
3. Check if proposed site lies within a restricted zone
Alt!
Military installations
The site questionnaire
Mark on your maps traditional settlements and monasteries, sites that might be of archeological interest and are not on the maps!Proximity to villages, towns, airstrips
Municipal airports
Kos, Greece, take off and landing flight path
Wild life reserve
http://www.hcaa.gr/en/our-airports
The HCAA issues
permissions for putting up
masts
The site questionnaire, telecommunication and TV towers, permissions needed!
Is there room for me too please?
The site questionnaire
And now a subjective question: Do you consider the site to be an area of outstanding natural beauty?Will the future wind farm crate a negative visual impact on the area?
Aerial photo of Wind Farm, Tehachapi, California, CA United States, large number of small wind turbines.
Moni Toplou, Crete, wind farm
A few big wts
Mmmm I found the perfect site, V(year)= 9 m/s at 10 m AGL
Quality of access road, can it take the heavy loads?Can it accommodate the long pieces such as towers and long blades?Is a new road necessary?
A road survey is necessary
Transportation issues regarding the site
Transportation issues regarding the site
A 62 m blade
A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield in the U.K. (2008).
Train, Denver, USA
Accident in France
Specialized equipment
Transport specialists are in demand
Transportation issues regarding the site
A hydraulic lifter, which allows lifting the wind
blade up to approximately 45º.
Doing so it can guarantee important saving on the civil works, above all in
mountainous areas where important earthworks have to be realized to reach the wind park.
It has to be used together with a 5 axle low loader.
The biggest problem is that in many countries it couldn’t be used on the
public roads, due to restriction the maximum
height of the load (around 5 meters).
Unique airship with 66-ton payload capacity provides an efficient, ecological alternative means of component transportation
The future wts transporters, could look like this one!
From a main road to a mountainous ridge
Accessroad
Wind farm site
Road widening
A simulation rehearsal might be necessary
Length of blade
Photomontage of the future site
Make a note of all other activities in the area. Speak with the locals, they know everything!
Make sketches, measure certain distances , mark photos, mark exact locations of photos with a GPS for accuracy
Photos will help identify also the roughness areas needed for future energy calculations as well as the permitting procedure and the environmental impact assessment studies.
Remember to take with me:• Maps• GPS, with extra batteries• Camera, for photos and short
videos, with extra batteries• Smart phone, could be useful if in
range!• Compass, a classic saver!• Pencil and paper• NEVER go alone anywhere,
topographic engineer is a good companion and an extra driver if needed.
• Get the weather report before you start survey.
• Let someone know where are you heading just in case.
Hey , I can help too
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