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LIFE PROCESSES
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
IN PLANTS IN HUMANS IN ANIMALS
For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots. If the distances between soil-contacting organs and chlorophyllcontaining organs are small, energy and raw materials can easily diffuse to all parts of the plant body. But if these distances become large because of changes in plant body design, diffusion processes will not be sufficient to provide raw material in leaves and energy in roots. A proper system of transportation is therefore essential in such situations.
TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
VASCULAR TISSUE
consist of
Xylem Phloem
transport water & mineral ions fromroots to the upper parts of plants.‡give mechanical transport(xylem vessel
transport organic food substancesby the leaves
during photosynthesis
Vessel : long, hollow, continuous tubes: strengthened
by lignin depositedin various patterns.: consist of dead cells: no protoplasm to obstruct the
flow of water.-Tracheids : less efficient in conducting water.: don¶t have open
ends to forma continuous hollow tube.-Parenchyma : consisting of roughly spherical,frequently with
air spaces betweenthem
Sieve tube : a cylindrical tube consisting of elongat
ed living sieve tube cells.: little cytoplasm, no nucleus: sieve plate with poresseparating the sieve tube
cell: allows the flow of dissolvedfood substances-Companion : only found in
Floweringplantcells: adjacent and closelyassocia
ted with the sievetube cells: has a nucleus, densecytoplasm & manymitochondria:transport
manufactured food(sucrose& amino acids) from the leaf cells intothe sieve
tubes
XYLEM AND PHLOEM
HEART
• Structure diagram of the human heart from an anterior view. Blue components indicate de-oxygenated blood pathways and red components indicate oxygenated pathways.
• The human heart has a mass of between 250 and 350 grams and is about the size of a fist.[7] It is located anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.
• It is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium. The superficial part of this sac is called the fibrous pericardium. This sac protects the heart, anchors its surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling of the heart with blood.
• The outer wall of the human heart is composed of three layers. The outer layer is called the epicardium, or visceral pericardium since it is also the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer is called the myocardium and is composed of muscle which contracts. The inner layer is called theendocardium and is in contact with the blood that the heart pumps. Also, it merges with the inner lining (endothelium) of blood vessels and covers heart valves.[8]
• The human heart has four chambers, two superior atria and two inferior ventricles. The atria are the receiving chambers and the ventricles are the discharging chambers. The pathway of blood through the human heart consists of a pulmonary circuit[9] and a systemic circuit. Deoxygenated blood flows through the heart in one direction, entering through the superior vena cava into the right atrium and is pumped through thetricuspid valve into the right ventricle before being pumped out through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary arteries into the lungs. It returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium where it is pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle before leaving through the aortic valve to the aorta.[10][11]
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
•The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.
BLOOD VESSELS
PLATELETS
Platelets, or thrombocytes are small, regularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source ofgrowth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots.
• Lymph is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues.[1] Interstitial fluid becomes lymph when it enters a lymph capillary. The lymph then travels to at least one lymph node before emptying ultimately into the right or the leftsubclavian vein, where it mixes back with blood.
• Lymph returns protein and excess interstitial fluid to the circulation. Lymph picks up bacteria and brings them to lymph nodes to be destroyed. Metastatic cancer cells can also be transported via lymph. Lymph also transports fats from the digestive system.
Nutrition
• Nutrition
HETEROTROPHICNUTRITION
HOLOZOIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC
AUTOTROPHIC AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONNUTRITION
The term autotrophic ('self-feeding') defines organisms which are able to use external sources of energy in the synthesis of their organic food materials. Plants are of this group, using light via photosynthesis, they are therefore photo-autotrophs. In a food chain, autotrophs are described as ………
Some prokaryotes obtain energy from the oxidation of simple inorganic substances and use this energy to build up organic molecules. These organisms are chemosynthetic and include the nitrifying bacteria which are important in the nitrogen cycle.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
Carbondioxide
Water
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
StructureTiny pores located on bottom of leafOval shapedLook a little bit like cat eyes!Two kidney-shaped cells (guard cells) are found on each side of the stomata.Chloroplasts are also found in the guard cells.
FunctionRelease extra water from the leaf (called transpiration!)Take in carbon dioxide Release oxygenGuard cells swell & shrink to control the opening & closing of stomataChloroplasts within guard cells carry out photosynthesis.
Stomata
STRUCTURE OF STOMATA
Nutrition in amoebaAll the five steps of nutrition occur inside the cell itself, as in Amoeba,Paramecium and other unicellular organisms.
Food particles such as minute bacteria are enclosed (caught) by pseudopodia(pseudo = false, podia = feet) to form a food vacuole (Ingestion). Enzymes from cytoplasm are secreted into the food vacuole to break downcomplex food. (Digestion) Digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm. (Absorption)The absorbed food is used up wherever required in the cell. (Assimilation) The undigested unabsorbed food is expelled out, when the food vacuole comesup on the cell surface and bursts open. (Egestion)Food vacuoles are temporary structures and every time the Amoeba feeds, a newfood vacuole is produced. All free-living unicellular microorganisms carry outintracellular digestion.
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
Nutrition in humans
salivary gland
palatesalivary duct
pharynx
glottis
nosenasal passage
buccal cavitytongue
epiglottis
salivary glands
Digestion in the Mouth
StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Mouth
Teeth • Grind & break down food, exposing a large surface area for enzyme action (mastication)
Tongue • Rolls food into bolus before swallowing• Pushes bolus into pharynx
Salivary glands
• Produce:– saliva - dilutes and moistens food– mucin - sticks food together - lubricates bolus for swallowing– salivary amylase – breaks down starch to maltose
• maintains an optimum pH of 6.5 - 7.5 for starch digestion
Pharynx • Common passage for air & food• Epiglottis covers trachea (windpipe) during swallowingMrs Seetoh
2006
Digestion in the Mouth
StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Oesophagus •Connects pharynx to stomach•Waves of muscular contraction
(peristalsis) push food into the stomach
Mrs Seetoh 2006
Organs & Their Functions
ring of muscles contract
bolus
oesophagus
cardiac sphincter
stomach
The bolus is being pushed towards the stomach. The waves of muscular contraction are called
peristalsis.
Digestion in stomach
StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Stomach •Muscular wall churns and breaks up food•Food stimulate inner wall to secrete gastric juice•Gastric juice contains:
– pepsin – breaks down proteins to polypeptides– rennin – clots milk proteins (present usually in young children– HCl – kill harmful bacteria – inactivate salivary amylase – provide suitable pH of 2 for pepsin to work
•Gastric juice mixes with the food to form chyme•Stores food for 2 to 6 hours•Mainly digestion of proteins
Pyloric sphincter •Controls the exit of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
Digestion in the Stomach
Digestion in small intestine
StructureStructure FunctionsFunctions
Small intestine
• Keeps chyme in motion by churning movements
• Glands secrete mucus, water and digestive juices
• Alkaline condition pH 7-8• Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins &
lipids
Duodenum • Site of action of - –pancreatic juice from pancreas–bile from liver
• Secretes intestinal juice – –carbohydrase–protease–lipase
Ileum • Absorption of digestion food occurs
http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20Digestive%20System%20Lab.htm
Pancreas and liverPancreas :- Secretes pancreatic juice containing
pancreatic enzymes: amylase
lipaseProtease
Liver and gall bladder:-Liver produces dark green bile
• Gall bladder stores bile• Bile flows into the duodenum through the bile duct• Bile emulsifies fats, providing a greater surface area for
the action of lipase
Accessory Organs
• Liver– produces bile
(alkaline)
• Gall bladder– temporary storage for
bile– passes bile to
duodenum through bile duct
Carbohydrates DigestionDuodenum
starch maltose
amylase
glucose
maltase
lactose
glucose
+
galactose
lactase
sucrose
glucose
+
fructose
sucrase
Food Journey
salivary glands
pharynx
stomach
pancreas
colon
rectumanus
mouth
oesophagus
liver
gallbladder
duodenum
ileum
appendix
small intestine
Mrs Seetoh 2006
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