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Depletion of forest, state of forest in world, India, Kerala
Presented by
Reshma V R
Depletion of forest
• Forests are burned or cut down for various reasons, but the aim behind all of these reason is ‘economic gains’
• At present we are losing forest at the rate of 1.7 crores hectares annually world wide
Depletion of forest
Causes of deforestation
• Overgrazing and conversion of forest to pasture for domestic animals
• Fuel wood gathering• Commercial logging• Mining, quarrying, and irrigation and industrial projects• Shifting cultivation• Expansion of agribusiness that grows oil palm, rubber,
fruit trees and ornamental plans has also resulted in deforestation
• Finally, government- sponsored programs that resettle landless farmers on forested site have contributed deforestation all around the world
Effect of deforestation
• Soil erosion
• Expansion of deserts
• Decrease in rainfall
• Loss of fertile land
• Effect on climate
• Lowering of water table
• Economic losses
• Loss of flora and fauna
• Loss of biodiversity
• Loss of medicinal plants
• Environmental changes
Case study
Himalayan region;
• After denudation of our Himalayas, the process of deforestation started in the shivalik range
• shivalik Sal forest were over exploited for industrial uses
• Thus foot hills of shivaliks once covered with dense forest, are facing an acute water scarcity and semi desert condition
States of forest in world
• According data from the U N food and agriculture organization deforestation was at it’s highest rate in 1990’s
• At the same time, forest area expanded in some places, either through planting or natural processes
• In the first decade of this centaury, the rate of deforestation was slightly lower, but still, disturbingly high 13 million hectares were destroyed annually and the forest that remain are of lower quality
World forest cover, 1990- 2010
Region 1990 2000 2010
Africa 749 709 674
Asia 576 570 593
Europe 989 998 1,005
North and central America
708 706 705
Oceania 199 198 191
South America 946 904 864
total 4,168 4,085 4,033
• Forest are primarily threatened by land clearing for agriculture, pasture and harvesting wood for fuel or industrial uses
• In Brazil which has lost 55 million hectares since 1990
• Brazil contains 13% of the world’s forest area; second only the Russia's 20%
• Brazil lost 2.6 million hectares of forest each year more any other country
• brazil is trying to reduce deforestation, but rising corn, soya bean price likely to pressure the government to weaken it’s forest protection
• South American countries Bolivia, Venezuela, have also felled large areas of trees, making the south America the region with largest forest loss between 2000 & 2010
• Africa also sufferers from extensive deforestation
• Fire wood and charcoal production are important drivers
• Sub- Saharan nations- Nigeria, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and the democratic republic of the Congo- each cleared more than 300,000 hectares per year
• In china, after disastrous flooding 1998, they realized the tremendous flood control and soil protection benefit of forests,, leading it to ban logging in key river basins and to begin planting trees at rapid rate
• Now china become the world’s largest processor of wood product, but it also import both legally and illegally logged timber
• In Indonesia, large driver of deforestation is palm oil production
• Expansion of oil palm, which is largely planted on lands that have been logged or burned, threatens the remaining forest
• Mexico is another country where the government banned deforestation
• In the 1990’s Mexico had the 7th highest rate of deforestation in the world
• Recent efforts to reduce deforestation and encourage plantation halved the rate of forest loss
• Across the globe, Australia moved the opposite direction, switching a net forest gain in 1990’s to a net forest loss in the following decade
• Australia persistent drought from 2002 to 2010 was doubled trouble for it’s forest
• The drought and high temperature, burned million of hectares of forest in Australia
• Just one mega fire on February 7, 2009, now known as “ black berry Saturday”, burned over 40,oooo hectares
• U S added a net 7.7 million hectares of trees between 1990’s and 2010, around 380,000 hectares per year
• Although the U S have experienced impressive forest generation within Although the it’s own boarders
• But still it contribute to deforestation as importer of forest product
The depletion of deforestation can be carried out as follows;
Reducing consumption of paper and wood products
Recycling paper
Reclaiming wood
Legally sourcing wood from sustainable plantation
Finding substitute for fire wood
Stabilizing population by accelerating the shift to smaller families
States of forest in India
Forest cover in India
Very dense
forest
All land with tree canopy density of
70% and above
Moderately
dense forest
All land with tree canopy between
40% and 70%
Open forest Degraded forest land with canopy
density less than 10%
Non- Forest Are not included in any of these
above classes
scrub Degraded forest land with canopy
density less than 10%
Very dense forest
Moderate dense forest
Open forest
scrub
Forest cover Area (km²) % ofgeographical area
Very dense forest 83,471 2.54%
Moderately dense forest
320,734 9.76
Open forest 287,820 8.75
Total forest cover 692,027 21.05
Scrub 42,176 1.28
Non forest 2,553,060 77.67
The geographicalarea
3,287,263 100.00
‘forest report’ india,2009
state Geograp
hical
area
Very dense
forest
Medium
dense
forest
Open
forest
total
Andhra
Pradesh
275069 850 26377 19443 46670
Arunachal
Pradesh
83743 20873 31574 15037 67484
Assam 78438 1461 11558 14673 27692
Chhattisgarh 135191 4163 34911 16604 55678
Delhi 1483 6.76 49.84 119.98 176.58
Goa 5702 543 578 1091 2212
Gujarat 196022 376 5249 8995 14620
Haryana 44212 27 463 1104 1594
Himachal
Pradesh
55673 3224 6383 5061 14668
Jammu &
Kashmir
222236 4140 8760 9637 22537
Jharkhand 79714 2590 9899 10405 22894
Karnataka 191791 1777 20181 14232 36190
Kerala 38863 1443 9410 6471 17324
Madhya
Pradesh
308245 6647 35007 36046 77700
Maharashtr
a
307713 8739 20834 21077 50650
Manipur 22327 701 5474 1105 17280
Meghalaya 22429 410 9501 7410 17321
Mizoram 21081 134 6149 12900 19183
Nagaland 16579 1274 4897 7293 13464
Orissa 155707 7073 21394 20388 48855
Punjab 50362 0 733 931 1664
Rajasthan 342239 72 4450 11514 16036
Sikkim 7096 500 2161 698 3359
Tamilnadu 130058 2926 10343 10282 23551
Tripura 10486 109 4702 3174 7985
Uttar Pradesh 240928 1626 4563 8152 14341
Uttarakhand 53483 4762 14165 5568 24495
West Bengal 88752 2987 4644 5363 12994
A & N island 8249 3762 2405 495 6662
Chandigarh 114 1 10 6 17
Dadra &
Nagarhaveli
491 0 114 97 211
Daman & Diu 112 0 0.62 5.03 5.65
Lakshadweep 32 0 16.71 9.77 26.48
Pondicherry 480 0 34.1 15.87 49.97
3287263 83428 320238 288728 692394
‘Forest report’ India, 2011
state Very dense
forest
Medium dense
forest
Open
forest
total
Andhra Pradesh 850 26242 19297 46389
Arunachal
Pradesh
20868 31519 15023 67410
Assam 1444 11404 14825 27673
Chhattisgarh 4163 34911 16600 55674
Delhi 6.76 49.48 119.48 176.2
Goa 543 585 1091 2219
Gujarat 376 5231 9012 14619
Haryana 27 457 1124 1608
Himachal
Pradesh
3224 6381 5074 14679
Jammu &
Kashmir
4410 8760 9639 22539
Jharkhand 2590 9917 10470 22977
Karnataka 1777 20179 14238 36194
Kerala 1442 9394 6464 17300
Madhya
Pradesh
6640 34986 36074 77700
Maharashtra 8736 20815 21095 50646
Manipur 730 6151 10209 17090
Meghalaya 433 9775 7067 17275
Mizoram 134 6086 12897 19117
Nagaland 1293 4931 7094 13318
Orissa 7060 21366 20477 48903
Punjab 0 736 1028 1764
Rajasthan 72 4448 11567 16087
Sikkim 500 2161 698 3359
Tamilnadu 2948 10321 10356 23625
Tripura 109 4686 3182 7977
Uttar Pradesh 1626 4559 8153 14338
Uttarakhand 4762 14167 5567 24496
West Bengal 2984 4646 5365 12995
A & N island 3761 2416 547 6724
Chandigarh 1.35 9.55 5.88 16.78
Dadra &
Nagarhaveli
0 114 97 211
Daman & Diu 0 0.62 5.53 6.15
Lakshadweep 0 17.18 9.88 27.06
Pondicherry 0 35.37 14.69 50.06
83471 320736 287820 692027
• The figure gives the changes in forest cover for all the states in all in all the tree canopy density classes
• The state which have shown positive changes are Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Jharkhand, Andaman & Nicobar, Rajasthan & Orissa
• Whereas states like Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya have shown negative changes
state Reason for change
Andhra
Pradesh
Management intervention like harvesting of short
rotation crops followed by new regeneration/
plantation, forest clearance in some encroached
Areas
Andaman &
Nicobar
island
Recovery of coastal vegetation in tsunami affected
areas, shelter belt plantation and increase in
mangrove cover
Arunachal
Pradesh
Changes in forest cover in the state is because of
shifting cultivation and biotic pressure
Assam Decrease in forest cover is mainly attributed to
illicit felling, encroachment in insurgency affected
areas and shifting cultivation practice
Bihar Enhanced plantation activity outside forest
areas in recent times contributed towards
increase in forest cover
Chhattisgarh Submergence of forest areas in catchment of
the dams
Jharkhand Increase of forest cover is mainly on account
of effective protein by the village forest
protection committees and plantation activities
undertake in the state
Manipur Decrease in forest cover in the state is due to
shortening of shifting cultivation cycle and
biotic pressure
Meghalaya Decrease in forest cover in the state is due to
shortening of shifting cultivation cycle and
biotic pressure
Mizoram Decrease in forest cover in the state is due to
shortening of shifting cultivation cycle and biotic
pressure
Orissa Main reason for the increase in forest cover is due to
effective protein by the JFM committees &
regeneration of shifting cultivation areas
Nagaland Decrease in forest cover in the state is due to
shortening of shifting cultivation cycle and biotic
pressure
Punjab Growth of young plantation carried out under
externally aided project and agro-forestry activities
in TOF areas
Rajasthan Regeneration in forest areas and extensive
plantation activities
Tamil
Nadu
Regeneration in forest and extensive plantation
activities in land outside forest
Forest cover in different type of forest group
Group % of forest cover
Tropical wet evergreen forest 2.92
Tropical semi- evergreen forest 13.79
Tropical moist deciduous forest 19.73
Littoral and swamp forest 0.69
Tropical dry deciduous forest 41.87
Tropical thorn forest 2.25
Tropical dry evergreen forest 0.13
Sub tropical broad leaved hill forest 2.69
Sub tropical pine forest 2.63
Sub tropical dry evergreen forest 0.03
Montana wet temperature forest 0.69
Himalayan moist temperature forest 4.12
Himalayan dry temperature forest .84
Sub- alpine & alpine forest 2.55
Plantation 5.07
Total 100.00
State of forest in Kerala
Reserve forest Proposed
reserve
Vested forest+
EFL
total
9107.2066 364.4731 1837.7957 11309.4754
80.53% 3.22% 16.25% 100%
Distribution of forest area according to legal status (km²)
– Reserve forest;
The forest reserved under section 19 of Kerala forest act and include forest notified under section 4 of said act
• vested forest;
Any forest vested in government under section 3 of Kerala forest private forest act, 1971
• EFL;
‘ecologically fragile land’ means any portion of land held by any person and lying contiguous or encircled by reserve forest or vested forest or any other forest land owned by the government and predominantly supporting natural vegetation;
No Type area (km²) % of
total
1 tropical wet evergreen & semi
evergreen
3877.4413 34.28
2 Tropical moist deciduous 31.97 31.28
3 Tropical dry deciduous 391.3636 3.46
4 Mountain sub-tropical
temperature sholas
386.4210 3.42
5 Plantation 1492.9166 13.20
6 Grassland 501.0865 4.43
7 others 10.44.2624 9.24
Total 11309.4754
Classification of forest type
No Mode of utilization Area % of total
1 Dense forest/ degraded forest
8982.8138 79.43
2 Plantation 1492.9166 13.20
3 Area under lease 423.3859 3.74
4 Forest land diverted under FCA
410.3591 3.63
Total 11309.4756
The distribution of forest according to utilization
No District Area (km²)
1 Thiruvananthapuram 463.8341
2 Kollam 840.5672
3 Pathanamthitta 1533.7937
4 Kottayam 100.8450
5 Ernakulam 823.8302
6 Idukki 2713.7226
7 Thrissur 1022.7517
District wise forest area
8 Palakkad 1527.3564
9 Malappuram 723.9181
10 Kozhikode 290.4514
11 wayanad 907.0447
12 Kannur 241.4522
13 kasargode 119.8499
Total 11309.4172
No District VDF MDF OF total %
1 Thiruvananthapuram
55 824 470 1349 61.54
2 Kollam 75 632 623 1330 53.39
3 Pathanamthitta 144 1147 464 1775 66.43
4 Alappuza 0 12 26 38 2.69
5 kottayam 12 542 335 889 40.35
6 Idukki 350 2159 1421 3930 78.30
District wise forest cover in Kerala
2011 assessment
7 Ernakulam 12 298 385 695 28.87
8 Thrissur 181 388 362 931 30.71
9 Palakkad 276 693 606 1575 35.16
10 Malappuram 144 406 659 1209 34.06
11 Kozhikode 32 288 271 591 25.21
12 Wayanad 140 1347 288 1775 83.29
13 Kannur 21 351 269 641 21.61
14 Kasargode 0 307 285 592 29.72
Total 1442 9394 6464 17300 44.52
No district Area (ha)
1 Thiruvananthapuram 881.7584
2 Kollam 273.7233
3 Idukki 1255.5515
4 Thrissur 70.7990
5 Palakkad 5177.5634
District wise ecologically fragile land ( EFL)
6 Malappuram 1265.1209
7 Kozhikode 1531.9014
8 Wayanad 2673.0326
9 Kannur 777.1344
10 kasargode 94.8827
Total 14001.4676
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