Modernism fauvism, cubism, dada

Early 20th Century: MODERNISM

FauvismExpressionism

Die BruckeDer Blaue Reiter

CubismFuturism

SuprematismConstructivism

DadaDeStijl

BauhausPrecisionismSurrealismArt Deco

Organic ArtDepression Era Art

“Less is MORE”

What was happening at this point in HISTORY?

Imperialist Expansion: Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Portugal AfricaBritain IndiaDutch IndochinaRussia Central Asia and Siberia

• Japan as its own rising formidable power in the Pacific 1917 The US entered World War I1930s Great Depression: Huge economic difficulties in the US and other

Western countries1920s-1930s Rise of Totalitarianism: Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the Soviet Union, Hitler in Germany1941 The US entered World War II with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the

Japanese1945 WWII ends: The Allied forces defeated Germany, US dropped atomic

bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

How did this effect artists?

Artists began searching for a new definition of and use for art in a changed world!

Avant-garde artists were ahead of their time and transgressed the limits of established art ideals

EXPRESSIONISM

• Term used to describe a wide range of art

• Result of an artist’s “unique inner or personal vision”

• Often emotionally driven

How does Expressionism contrast the art created since the Renaissance?

FauvismFauves = wild beasts- Interest in color and in altering of space- Fauves first gained attention at the Salon d’Automne of 1905- Movement didn’t last long, began to fall apart almost as soon as it emerged but

still contributed greatly to the direction of painting from then on

Best known Fauvists: Henri Matisse

and Andre Derain

Henri Matisse

Red Room (Harmony in Red)

1908-1909oil on canvas5 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. 1 in.

Henri Matisse

Woman with the Hat

1905oil on canvas2 ft. 7 3/4 in. x 1 ft. 11 1/2 in.

“What characterized fauvism was that we rejected imitative colors, and that with pure colors we obtained stronger reactions”

André Derain

The Dance

1906oil on canvas

6 ft. 7/8 in. x 6 ft.10 1/4 in.

André Derain

Turning Road, L’Estaque

1906oil on canvas51 x 76 3/4 in.

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Street, Dresden

1908oil on canvas4 ft. 11 1/4 in. x 6 ft. 6 7/8 in.

German Expressionism – Fauvist color + distortion, agitation, discomfort

DIE BRUCKE (the Bridge) – Dresden, Germany 1905 – Led by Kirchner“bridging the old and the new”

- Influenced by German Medieval Art

Franz Marc

The Large Blue Horses

1911oil on canvas40 3/4 x 70 7/8 in.

Der Blaue Reiter – “the Blue Rider”Led by Kandinsky and Marc• Called that because they…. loved blue and horses • Like Die Brucke, Der Blaue Reiter captured their feelings in visual form while

eliciting intense visceral responses from viewers

Vassily Kandinsky

Improvisation 28

1912oil on canvas3 ft. 7 7/8 in. x 5 ft. 3 7/8 in.

1st abstract painting!!!!!

Franz Marc

Fate of the Animals

1913oil on canvas6 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 8 ft. 9 1/2 in.

Kathe Kollwitz

Woman with Dead Child

1903etching

1’4 x 1’87”

Cubism• Initiated by Picasso & Braque, worked together to develop it• Reduced, fractured, many vantage points at once • Emphasized the two-dimensionality of the canvas• Inspiration: Primitivism and non-western cultures (AFRICA)• What would have sparked this interest in “primitive” cultures?

• Most popular subjects: still lifes, human faces and figures

Pablo Picasso

Gertrude Stein

1906-1907oil on canvas3 ft. 3 3/8 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.

“Primitivism”

Pablo Picasso

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

1907oil on canvas8 ft. x 7 ft. 8 in.

Georges Braque

The Portuguese

1911oil on canvas3 ft. 10 1/8 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.

Analytic Cubism

“The hard-and-fast rules of perspective … were a ghastly mistake which…has taken four centuries to redress”

Pablo Picasso

Still Life with Chair-Caning

1912oil and oilcloth on canvas10 5/8 in. x 1 ft. 1 3/4 in.

Georges Braque

Bottle, Newspaper, Pipe and Glass

1913charcoal and various papers pasted on paper1 ft. 6 7/8 in. x 2 ft. 1 3/4 in.

Attributed to developing papier collé (collage) which revolutionized art-making

Synthetic Cubism

Aleksandre Archipenko, Woman Combing Her Hair, 1915, bronze, approximately 1 ft. 1 3/4 in. high

Julio González, Woman Combing Her Hair, ca. 1930-1933, iron, 4 ft. 9 in. high

FuturismCUBISM + DIVISIONISM- Launched by “Le Futurisme” by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, a Futurist

manifesto- Glorified the energy and speed of modern life along with the dynamism

and violence of new technology MOVEMENT- Supported war as a

“cleansing agent”

Giacomo Balla

Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash

1912oil on canvas2 ft. 11 3/8 in. x 3 ft. 7 1/4 in.

Umberto Boccioni

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

1913bronze3 ft. 7 7/8 in. x 2 ft. 10 7/8 in. x 1 ft. 3 3/4 in.

"Let us fling open the figure and let it incorporate within itself whatever may surround it."

Gino Severini

Armored Train

1915oil on canvas3 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 10 1/8 in.

Dada – the anti-movement (1916-1925)

Dada had only one rule: Never follow any known rules• Began in Zurich in response to WWI

• Where does the word “dada” come from?• Intended to provoke an emotional reaction from the viewer (typically

SHOCK or OUTRAGE)• Nonsensical to the point of whimsy. Almost all of the people who created it

were ferociously serious, though.• Main influences: Abstraction and Expressionism• No predominant medium in Dadaist art.

All things from geometric tapestries to glass to plaster and wooden reliefs were fair game. Assemblage, collage, photomontage and the use of ready made objects all gained wide acceptance.

• Spawned many offshoots: best-known is Surrealism.

Jean Arp

Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance

1916-17torn and pasted paper19 1/8 x 13 5/8 in.

Marcel Duchamp

Fountain

1917porcelain urinal

What is art?

Is craft required?

Is aesthetic experience required?

THE READYMADE

Marcel Duchamp

The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)

1915-23oil, lead wire, foil, dust, varnish, glass8 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft. 7 in.

The Role of CHANCE

Marcel Duchamp

Bicycle Wheel

1913assemblage23 3/4 in. high

Marcel Duchamp

L.H.O.O.Q.

1919drawing on photographic reproduction7 3/4 in. x 4 1/8 in.

Hannah Höch

Cut with the Cake Knife

1919-20photomontage 11 7/8 x 35 3/8 in.

AMERICA, 1900 to 1930• Many American artists began their careers and then continued them in Europe and vice

versa• Art “Matronage” – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Peggy Guggenheim, Mary Quinn

Sullivan and the like• Jon Sloan and The Eight – American “Realism” “The apostles of ugliness”• The Armory Show – huge display of Modern Art, over 1,600 pieces

Marcel Duchamp

Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2

1912oil on canvas58 x 35 in.

Man Ray

Gift

1921flatiron with nails6 1/2 in. high

Charles Demuth

My Egypt

1927oil on composition board2 ft. 11 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.

PRECISIONISMEuropean cubist ideas + American sensibilities

Georgia O’Keeffe

New York, Night

1929oil on canvas3’4” x 1’7”

Georgia O’Keeffe

Jack in the Pulpit IV

1930oil on canvas

Alfred Stieglitz

The Steerage

1907Photogravure (on tissue)

4 11/16 x 3 1/8 in.

PHOTOGRAPHY

“…to hold a moment, to record something so completely that those who see it would relive an equivalent of what has been expressed.”

Edward Weston

Nude

1925gelatin-silver print

Edward Weston

Pepper No. 30

1930gelatin-silver print

Pablo Picasso

Guernica

1937Oil on Canvas

11’ 5” x 25’5” EUROPE 1920-1945

“Painting is not made to decorate apartments. It is an instrument for offensive and defensive war against the enemy.”

Guernica after the bombing, reports 1,654 dead

Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)

Neue Sachlichkeit artists had been in the army or participated in WWI- Deeply influenced their

worldviews and informed their art

- Clear, direct and genuine depictions of war

George GroszFit for Active Service (The Faith Healers)

1916-17pen, brush, ink on paper20 x 14 3/8 in.

Max Beckmann

The Night

1918-19oil on canvas55 1/2 x 37 3/4 in.

Otto Dix

Der Kreig

1929-1932oil and tempera on wood6 ft. 8 1/3 in. x 13 ft. 4 3/4 in.