HAP - Renesans cz. 2

Renaissance (Part 2)

The Evolving Antiquity

Jacek Wesołowski, IAiU PŁ

Flemish and Dutch RenaissanceWillem van Oranje,

the 1st stadhouder of the United Provinces

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo,

Duca de Alba

1482-1549 – Habsburg Netherlands1549-1581 – Spanish Netherlandsunified autonomous realm of 17 provinces

The Southtill 1715 – Spanish Netherlands1715-1795 – Austrian Netherlands

The North1568-1648 – Eighty Years’ War1579 – Union of Utrecht (7 northern provinces)1581 - Staten Generaal declared no more recognition of Philip II as KingThe Dutch Republic (till 1795) 1648 – Peace of Westphalia: recognitionof independence of United Provinces

Gouda, Stadhuis, 1448-59, Jan III Keldermans

late Gothic: arched openings

Flemish & Dutch Renaissance

• Pieter Coecke van Aelst (1502-1550) published translations of Vitruvius and Serlio

• Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527-1606): Architectura (based partly on Coecke van Aelst), also collection of decorations published till 1577;

• other key figures: Harlem sculptor Lieven de Key (1560-1627) and

Amsterdam’s builder Hendrick de Keyser (1565- 1621)

Phases of the Dutch Renaissance style:

Early Renaissance (~1540-1600) Dutch Renaissance (~1600-15) Amsterdam Renaissance (~1615-40) Plain Amsterdam Renaissance (~1615-65)

Coecke van Aelst: triumphal arch for the Royal Entry to Antwerp of Philip II, future King of Spain, 1549

Pieter Coecke van Aelst: decoration for the Royal Entry to Antwerp of Philip II, future King of Spain, 1549

Cornelis Floris de Vriendt: Antwerp, Stadhuis, 1561-64

Tournai Cathedral: Rood Screen, 1574, Cornelis Floris de Vriendt

Hans Vredeman de Vries 1527-1609● Veelderleij dieverse termen op de V ordene der Edificien... (1565); ● Architectura (1577);

● Hortorum viridariorumque... formae (1583); ● Perspective (1604)

Hans Vredeman de Vries 1527-1609● Veelderleij dieverse termen op de V ordene der Edificien... (1565); ● Architectura (1577);

● Hortorum viridariorumque... formae (1583); ● Perspective (1604)

Hans Vredeman de Vries 1527-1609● Veelderleij dieverse termen op de V ordene der Edificien... (1565); ● Architectura (1577);

● Hortorum viridariorumque... formae (1583); ● Perspective (1604)

Early Amsterdam Renaissance

Gate to Agnietenkapel

(originally municipal lumber yard), 1571

Haarlem, Vleeshal, 1603, Lieven de Key

„Haarlem School”

Haarlem, Vleeshal, 1603, Lieven de Key

Rollwerk /Scrollwork

Haarlem, Vleeshal, 1603, Lieven de Key

Beschlagwerk /Strapwork

Leiden, Stadhuis, 1600+, Lieven de Key

Leiden, Stadhuis, 1600+, Lieven de Key

Amsterdam, 1550+ urban development

~1650

Westerkerk

Zuiderkerk

Noorderkerk

G R A C H T E N -

G O

R D

E L 1578-1665

Amsterdam, Westerkerk, 1620-31, Hendrick de Keyser

~1650

Amsterdam, Noorderkerk, 1620-23, Hendrick de Keyser

~1650

Delft, Stadhuis, 1618-20, Hendrick de Keyser

Amsterdam town houses

Singel 140-142 (H. de Keyser, ~1600)and OZ Voorburgwal 57 (1615)rare example of rich decoration

Plain Amsterdam Renaissance1615-1665

Early Amsterdam Renaissance1540-1600

German Renaissance

Heiliges Römisches Reich, 1547

Holy Roman Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich): the capital city?

The Emperor (Kaiser): from 1440 title belonged to successive Habsburgs; seated in Vienna (except 1575-1612 in Prague, Rudolph II)Prince-Electors (Kurfürsten):• the Archbishop of Mayence• the Archbishop of Trier• the Archbishop of Cologne• King of Bohemia (Prague)• Margrave of Brandenburg (Berlin)• Count Palatine of the Rhine (except 1621-48, Heidelberg, Mannheim)• Duke of Saxony (Dresden)• Duke of Bavaria (from 1621, Munich)• Duke of Hanover (House of Brunswick-Lüneburg) – from 1692

Imperial Regalia (i.e. Crown, Lance and Sword) were kept in Nuremberg from 1423; from 1800 in Vienna

Elections were held in Frankfurt, coronation in Aix-la-ChapelleReichstag convened i.e. in Worms, Speyer, Nuremberg, from 1668 in

Regensburg onlyImperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht): 1527-1689 in Speyer;

1689-1806 in WetzlarCourt Council of the Empire (Reichshofrat): in Vienna

HRR Crown, west Germany, after 1150

German Renaissance: major centres

• Munich – from 1506 capital of unified Bavaria, seat of the Wittelsbach Dukes (electors since 1623)

• Stuttgart – from 1495 seat of the Dukes of Württemberg • Heidelberg – since 1155 seat of the Count Palatine of the

Rhine (Pfalzgraf bei Rhein); 1366 – foundation of the university;

• Brunswick – seat of the Dukes of Brunswick (House of Welf)• Berlin – seat of the Hohenzollerns, Margraves of

Brandenburg• Dresden – seat of the Wettins, Dukes of Saxony• Prague – seat of the Kings of Bohemia (nominal after 1526)• Vienna – seat of the Habsburgs, Archdukes of Austria, Kings

of Bohemia, Holy Roman Emperors

as well as some Free Imperial Cities (Freie Reichsstädte)

Free Imperial Cities (1648)

Aachen

Augsburg

Bremen

Köln

Dortmund

Frankfurt (Main)

Goslar

Hamburg

Heilbronn

Memmingen

Lindau

Lübeck

Kempten

Mühlhausen

Nordhausen

Nürnberg

Nördlingen

Offenburg

RegensburgRothenburg ob der Tauber

Ulm

Schw.Hall

Schw.Gmünd

Schweinfurt

Straßburg

Late German Gothic: Meissen, Albrechtsburg,

1471-1520

Late German Gothic: Church Architecture

Pirna (Saxony), Marienkirche, 1502-46

Pirna (Saxony), Marienkirche, 1502-46 Überlingen (Württ.), Münster, vaulting 1515+

Late German Gothic: Wolfenbüttel (nr Brunswick), Beatae Mariae Virginis,

1608+, Paul Francke

Pirna (Saxony), Marienkirche, 1502-46

one of the earliest Protestant churches built anew

Pirna (Saxony), Marienkirche, 1502-46Late German Gothic:

Cologne, Jesuitenkirche St. Mariä Himmelfahrt, 1618-78, Christoph Wamser

Pirna (Saxony), Marienkirche, 1502-46Late German Gothic: Cologne, Jesuitenkirche St. Mariä

Himmelfahrt, 1618-78, Christoph Wamser

Half-timbering: Provincial Towns

Hameln (nr Hanover), Stifsherrenhaus, 1558 →

↓ Miltenberg (Hesse), Marktplatz

Wolfenbüttel, city rebuilt 1542 →

Italian imports: Landshut, Stadtresidenz, 1537-41for Herzog Ludwig X; unknown Italian architects

Stadtresidenz

Burg Trausnitz

Italian imports: Landshut, Stadtresidenz, 1537-41

for Herzog Ludwig X; unknown Italian architects

rear elevation

Italian imports: Landshut, Stadtresidenz, 1537-41for Herzog Ludwig X; unknown Italian architects

Italienischer Saal

Italian influences: Stuttgart, Altes Schloss,

rebuilt 1553-78

Italian influences: Munich, Residenz

1581-891612-18

AntiquariumstraktGrotto

Italian influences: Munich, Residenz, c1700

Kaiserhof

Grottenhof

Brunnenhof

Italian influences: Munich, ResidenzAntiquarium, 1568-71, Jacopo Strada (reb. 1580-84, Fr. Sustris)

Italian influences: Munich, Residenz

Grotto, 1581-86, Friedrich Sustris

Italian influences: Munich, ResidenzKaiserhof, 1612-18, Hans Krumpper, Heinrich Schön

Italian influences: Munich, Jesuitenkirche St. Michael, 1583-97

allegedly world’s second longest span of barrel vault

Italian influences: Munich, Jesuitenkirche St. Michael, 1583-97

allegedly world’s second longest span of barrel vault

Italian influences: Munich, Jesuitenkirche St. Michael, 1583-97

Italian influences: Augsburg, Rathaus, 1615-24, Elias Holl

Perlachturm, 989+, 70m high

Italian influences: Augsburg, Rathaus, 1615-24, Elias Holl

Perlachturm

Italian influences: Augsburg, Rathaus,

Goldener Saal

Johann Matthias Kager

height: 14 m

German Emperors

City of Augsburg

Construction of the Town Hall

Sapientia

Italian influences: Augsburg, Rathaus, Goldener Saal, J. M. Kager

Sapientia

German Renaissance: Schloss Hartenfels, Torgau (Saxony)

rebuilding 1533+, Konrad Pflüger, Konrad Krebs,

for Kurfürst Friedrich III Wettin

the beginning of the German Renaissance: Schloss Heidelberg

seat of Elector Palatines (Pfalzgrafer u. Kurfürsten) until 1720

← Neckar

the beginning of the German Renaissance: Schloss Heidelberg

seat of Elector Palatines (Pfalzgrafer u. Kurfürsten) until 1720

the beginning of the German Renaissance: Schloss Heidelberg

seat of Elector Palatines (Pfalzgrafer u. Kurfürsten) until 1720

Ottheinrichsbau, 1556+

Friedrichsbau, 1602-07

the beginning of the German Renaissance: Schloss Heidelberg

seat of Elector Palatines (Pfalzgrafer u. Kurfürsten) until 1720

Ottheinrichsbau, 1556+Friedrichsbau, 1602-07

the beginning of the German Renaissance:

Schloss Heidelberg; Ottheinrichsbau, 1556+

German Renaissance:

Schloss Heidelberg; Friedrichsbau,

1602-07,Johannes Schoch

German Renaissance: Schloss Neuenstein (Swabia)rebuilding late 16C, Balthasar Wolff

German Renaissance: Dresdener Schlossextensions 1533++

German Renaissance: Dresdener Schlossextensions 1533++

German Renaissance:

Dresdener Schlossextensions 1533++

German Renaissance: Schloss Güstrow for Dukes of Mecklemburg

rebuilding and extension 1553++; Franz Parr (i.e.)

Wendel Dietterlin (1551-91): Architectura. Von Außtheilungs-Symmetria und Proportion der fünff Seulen, und aller daraus volgender Kunst Arbeit,

Nuremberg, 1598

Wendel Dietterlin (1551-91): Architectura. Von Außtheilungs-Symmetria und Proportion der fünff Seulen, und aller daraus volgender Kunst Arbeit,

Nuremberg, 1598

Dutch influences (Weser Renaissance):

Bremen, City Hall facade1608-12, Lüder von Bentheim

Weser Renaissance: Bremen,

City Hall facade1608-12, Lüder von

Bentheim

Dutch influences:

Bocholt (Rhineland), City Hall1618-24

Dutch influences:

Gate to Schloss Hohentübingen,

Tübingen (Swabia), 1607

German Renaissance, towards regularity:

Schloss Johannisburg, Aschaffenburg (Hesse); 1605-14, Georg Ridinger (for Archbishop of Mayence)

German Renaissance, towards regularity:

Schloss Johannisburg, Aschaffenburg (Hesse); 1605-14, Georg Ridinger (for Archbishop of Mayence)

German Renaissance, towards regularity:

Schloss Glückburg / Lyksborg Slot (Schleswig); 1582+

(for Herzog Johann III von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg)

German Renaissance (Weserrenaissance):

Lemgo (Lippe), City Hall~1612-20, Hermann Roleff

ApothekenbauDutch ornamentation

German Renaissance (Weserrenaissance), timbering tradition:

Paderborn (Westphalia), City Hall1613-20, Hermann Baumhauer

Dutch ornamentation

German Renaissance, Italianising:

Leipzig (Saxony), City Hall1556+, Paul Speck, Paul Widemann

German Renaissance:

Heilbronn (Wurtt.), City Hall 1579+, Hans Kurz

German Renaissance:

Rothenburg ob der Tauber (Frankonia),

City Hall

German Renaissance:

Schweinfurt (Frankonia),

City Hall 1569–1572, Nikolaus

Hofmann

German Renaissance:

Altenburg (Thuringia),

City Hall 1561-64, Nikolaus Gromann

Görlitz

German Renaissance: City Halls - details

Gera

German Renaissance, town houses

Heidelberg, Haus zum Ritter, 1592+ Hameln, Leist-Haus, 1585-89

German Renaissance, town houses: Erfurt, Haus zum

Stockfisch, 1607+

German Renaissance, early social housing: Augsburg, Fuggerei, 1521+

Jacob Fugger 1459-1525

German Renaissance, early social housing: Augsburg, Fuggerei, 1521+;

67 houses, 140 flats; annual rent €0.88

Jacob Fugger 1459-1525

German Renaissance, early social housing:

Augsburg, Fuggerei, 1521+

Jacob Fugger 1459-1525

new concepts - Winkelkirche: Freudenstadt (Württ.), Stadtkirche

Fruedenstadt foundation: 1599 (Herzog Friedrich I. von Württemberg)

new concepts: Hanau (Hesse), Wallonisch-Niederländische Kirche

Hanau Neustadt foundation: 1604 (Graf Philipp Ludwig II. von Hanau-Münzenberg)

wallonische Kirche

niederländische Kirche

new concepts: pulpit in high altar

Weisdin (nr Neustrelitz)

1742-49

Czech Renaissance

• Vladislav II. Jagellonský 1471-1516• Ludvík Jagellonský 1516-1526 † Battle of Mohács (collapse of Hungary)

• Ferdinand I. Habsburk 1526-1564 x Anna Jagiellonská

• Maxmilián I. (Maximilian II.) Habsburk 1564-76• Rudolf II. Habsburk 1576-1611• Matyáš II. (Matthias) Habsburk 1611-1617• Ferdinand II. Habsburk 1617-1619, 1621-1637

Renaissance

Vladislavský sál (Pražský hrad) Benedikt Ried (Rejt) 1490-1502

Prague: Letohrádek královny Anny 1538–1565 Giovanni Spazio, Paolo della Stella, Bonifác Wohlmut

King Ferdinand I for Queen Anna Jagellonská

Zámek Bučovice 1575-85 Jacopo Strada

for Jan Šembera z Boskovic

Zámek Litomyšl 1560-81

Giovanni Battista Aostalli for Vratislav z Pernštejna

Prague, Schwarzenberský palác (Lobkovický palác) 1545-67, Agostino Galli (Vlach)

Telč townhouse

with sgraffito decoration

‘swallow tailed’ gable

Zámek Nelahozeves 1553-1610for the Lobkovic Family

Zámek Nelahozeves 1553-1610Bonifaz Wolmut

for Florian Griesbeck von Griesbach from Tirol; since 1623 owned by the Lobkowicz Family

Russian Renaissance

Moscow Kremlin: Грановитая Палата (Palace of the Facets), 1485-1491, Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario

Moscow Kremlin: Грановитая Палата (Palace of the Facets), 1485-1491, Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario

Moscow Kremlin,

Благовещенский собор 1484-89

Moscow Kremlin,

Успенский Собор 1475-79

Moscow Kremlin,

Архангельский собор

1505-08, Aleviz Fryazin Noviy (It.)

Moscow, St Basil’s Cathedral1555-61, Barma and Postnik (all.)

Moscow, St Basil’s Cathedral1555-61, Barma and Postnik (all.)

Tudor Style

English Renaissance - timelineThe TUDORS

• Henry VII 1485-1509

• Henry VIII 1509-47

• Edward VI 1547-53• Mary I Bloody Mary 1553-58

• Elisabeth I 1558-1603

The STUARTS• James I (James VI of Scotland) 1603-25 (personal union with Scotland)

Elisabethan Style for domestic buildings Tudor Style for ecclesiastical buildings

Jacobean Style

Perpendicular Style

Perpendicular Style

Renaissance

16C Perpendicular Style: Henry VII’s Lady Chapel,

Westminster Abbey 1503-08

16C Tudor Style: St James’s Palace,

Westminster; ~1531, for Henry VIII

early English Renaissance: Nonsuch Palace, nr Epsom (Surrey) for Henry VIII, 1538, (demolished 1682)

half-timbering; Renaissance decoration on southern facade

Elisabethan Style: Burghley House, nr Stamford

for Sir William Cecil (later Earls and Marquesses of Exeter)

1558-87

Elisabethan Style : Burghley House, nr Stamford for Sir William Cecil, 1558-87

Elisabethan Style: Burghley House, nr Stamford

for Sir William Cecil (later Earls and Marquesses of Exeter)

1558-87

frontispiece in the courtyard

English Renaissance: Burghley House, nr Stamford for Sir William Cecil, 1558-87

main hall; hammerbeam roof „Hell Staircase”; Antonio Verrio, 1690s

English Renaissance/Baroque: Burghley House, nr Stamford

Heaven Room: Antonio Verrio, 1690s

Elisabethan Style: Wollaton Hall (Notts.)1580-88, Robert Smythson (?), for Sir Francis Willoughby

Elisabethan Style:

Wollaton Hall (Notts.)1580-88, Robert Smythson,

for Sir Francis Willoughby

high Main Hall

Jacobean Style: Hatfield House 1611+ for Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

Jacobean Style:

Hatfield House (Hertfords.)

1611+ for Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

Jacobean Style: Hatfield House1611+ for Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

The Long Gallery

Jacobean Style: Hatfield House1611+ for Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury

The Great Hall

Jacobean Style: Holland House (Middlesex, now London)1605, for Sir Walter Cope (destroyed 1940)

beginnings of classicism: Kirby Hall (Norths.), 1570++, for Sir Christopher Hatton

beginnings of classicism: Kirby Hall (Norths.), 1570++, for Sir Christopher Hatton

Renaissance or Baroque?: Marlborough House, Westminster 1711, Sir Christopher Wren (for Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough)

storeyadded >1850

neo-Jacobean Style: Harlaxton Manor (Lncs.) 1837-45