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This slides explain the kinds of word-formation processes in English Morphology. This also a PPT version of a pdf-slideshare "A Concise Companion of Word-formation". Check its pdf for detail discussions
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Word-formation Morphology
Word-formation
A creation of a new word Through Derivation or Compounding
Derivation vs. Compounding
Derivation Compounding
Affixations play a vital role
It is joining two separate words
It derives new words from prefixes and affixes
No affixes is needed in this process
English affixations consist of only Prefixes & Suffixes
Affixation vs. Non-affixation
Affixation Non-affixation
It involves affixes No affixes is needed
Affixation process consists of prefixes & suffixes
It consists of coinage, eponyms, borrowing, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms & initialisms
Prefix vs. Suffix
Prefix Suffix
It is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning and make a new word
It is added to the end of a word to change its function, making it into a different part of speech
Click here to view the examples
Coinage
It is totally the invention of new words Most typical sources are invented trade
names for commercial products Examples:
Eponyms
It is generating new words based on the name of a person or a place
Examples: 1)The word “sandwich” is from the 18th
century Earl of Sandwich who first insisted on having his bread and meat together while gambling
2)The word “jeans” which is derived from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made
Borrowing
English takes a word from another language.
Examples: croissant (French)piano (Italian) sofa (Arabic)tattoo (Tahitian)yogurt (Turkish)
Blending
A combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term
Examples: breakfast + lunch → brunchsmoke + fog → smoginformation + entertainment → infotainment
Clipping
Creating new words by shortening already existing words
Examples: information → infoadvertisement → adfacsimile → faxrefrigerator → fridge
Backformation
A very specialized type of reduction process
It is due to misconceptions of morphological analysis
Examples: editor → to editsculptor → to sculpt donation → to donate
Conversion
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction)
Examples:Someone has to chair the meeting.Goggles are a must for skiing while it’s
snowing.My wife wants to buy a see-through blouse.
Acronyms & Initialisms
It is when the first letters of words that make up a name or a phrase are used to create a new word
In acronyms, the new word is pronounced as a word, rather than as a series of letters
In initialisms, the new word is pronounced as a series of letters
Examples: NATO, CIA, HIV, ATM, PIN, ID, radar, laser, Interpol, etc.
Compounding
It is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form
Examples: wallpapertextbookfingerprintFacebookYouTube
Further reading
Bauer, L. 2001. Vocabulary. New York, NY: Routledge Fromkin, V, Rodman, R, and Hyams, N. 2011. An Introduction to Language (9th Edition). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Lieber, R. 2009. Introducing Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressPlag, I. 2002. Word-Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressYule, G. 2010. The Study of Language (4th Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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