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p. 378 – 386 in your book
Church Reform
• Europe years 500-1000 called the “Dark Ages”– Continuous invaders from south (Magyars)
and west (Vikings)– Destroyed centers of learning
• Lead to a spiritual revival– Church began restructuring / massive
building projects (Cathedrals)
Why Reform?
Reformers concerned with 3 Main Issues1. Priests marrying
2. Selling Church positions or simony
3. Lay investiture
Church’s Problems•Illiterate priests
•Morally corrupt Popes•Greedy bishops and Abbots
Reform & Church Organization
1100s and 1200s - Church restructured to resemble a Kingdom with Pope at head– Developed canon law (the
law of the church) for marriage, divorce, inheritance
• Pope’s established their authority throughout the Empire – Enforced laws against
simony and priests marrying
New Religious Orders
• Dominicans – Emphasized
importance of study– Many Dominicans
were scholars
• Franciscans– Treated all creatures
as spiritual brothers and sisters
Women could join the order too, but were not allowed to travel and preach.
Cathedrals – Cities of God
Gothic Cathedrals
• From the Goths, Germanic tribe
• Thrust upward / reaching for God
• Large stained glass windows, sculptures, wood-carvings
• Meant to inspire the worshiper
• Nearly 500 built between 1170 - 1270
Review from Yesterday
• Characteristics of Cathedrals
• What caused the “dark ages”?
• How did the Church react to the dark ages?
The Crusades
What are they?
• Muslim Turks threatening to conquer Constantinople (capital of Byzantine Empire)
• Byzantine Emperor pleads for help
• Pope Urban II – issued a call for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land
• Next 300 years littered with Crusades against the Muslims.
The Crusades
• Here’s a video giving you an introduction to the conflict
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9300-the-medieval-era-the-setting-for-the-crusades-video.htm
Goals of the Crusades• Economic
– Merchants profited by giving loans to fund the journey– Leased ships to transport armies across
Mediterranean– Take trade routes from Muslim traders
• Social– Younger sons, who would not inherit property saw it
as a chance to claim land• Political
– Get rid of fighting knights who threatened peace and church property
• Religious– Reclaim Palestine and reunite Christians (was split
East & West)– Stop Muslim attacks
1st and 2nd Crusades
• All classes gathered in Constantinople
• ill-prepared for war – didn’t know climate, geography, culture
• No strategy and no leader• All were promised a spot in
heaven• Most were French –
Bohemians, Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians and Spaniards joined as well
The First Crusade was launched in 1097
1st Crusade
• An army of 12k approached Jerusalem, and besieged the city for a month
• Capture the city in 1099
• Victory was a narrow strip of land
2nd Crusade
• These newly formed Christian states were vulnerable to Muslim counterattack
• 1144 – Edessa reconquered by Turks
• 2nd Crusade organized to recapture the city – it failed in 1187
• Jerusalem had been captured by Saladin a Muslim leader
3rd Crusade to Recapture Jerusalem
• Video • Led by 3 of
Europe’s most powerful monarchs– Phillip II of France– Frederick I of
Germany– Richard the Lion
Hearted of England
– What eventually happened in 1192?
The Effects of the Crusades
• Watch this video: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9302-the-medieval-era-crusades-end-video.htm
• What were some of the effects of the Crusades?
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