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Explores the different types of terrorism, goals, motivations and statistics.
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Terrorism
What is Terrorism?
No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats
to demoralize, intimidate and subjugate, especially as a political weapon
Civilians as victims only? innocent civilians in Israel and US do not exist-Bin Laden)
Tactic Goals vary by group
Types of Terrorism
Domestic International Religious/Apocalyptic, Political, Social,
Environmental, leftist/fundamentalist
Types of Political Terrorism
National Separatist: cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial separation from the larger group, often with demands for independence or autonomy
Religious/ Apocalyptic Terrorism
Killing in the Name of God; Often political undertones.
Al-Qaeda? Abortion Clinic Bombers Suicide Bombers? Aum Shinrikyo
Environmental Terrorism
Earth Liberation Front: acts of terrorism, violence or sabotage committed in support of ecological, environmental, or animal rights.
Common Tactic: Arson, Robbery, Tree Spiking, bombing Recent example: Discovery Channel Hostage taking More common in developed world
Leftist Terrorism
Maoists in Nepal, East India. Marxists (Shining Path) Techniques generally include:
kidnapping, bombing, guerilla warfare
Perpetrators of Terror
Lone Wolf vs. Sophisticated Group
Why? Varies substantially depending on group
and region Suggested Theories:
Poverty Regime Type
Inequality Revenge
Lack of Education Religiously Motivated
Anger
Poverty and lack of education?
In international terrorism perpetrators and leaders generally very educated and from a privileged background: 9/11 Hijackers, London Bombers, ‘Underwear bomber’.
Domestic Terrorism: Often poor and uneducated; no other path
Sex and Money? Lures young men with raging hormones Promise of Houri’s Palestinian/Pakistani groups recruit poor children,
offer money and heaven.
Revenge
In interviews with Palestinian ‘failed suicide bombers’, almost all reported being upset that family members had been killed or incarcerated by Israeli’s.
Regime Type
Positive correlation between democracy and terrorism
Why? Open media Opportunity
Civil Liberties Persecution/Rule by Iron Fist in
Authoritarian Regimes
Goals
Fear (most Groups i.e Greek Anarchists, ELF/ALF, )
Media Coverage (Almost all groups) Martyrdom (National Hero) As many deaths as possible (new
phenomena; Al Qaeda, Shining Path, Tamil Tigers)
Total number of Terrorist Attacks
87,710 Total Attacks 44,715(0 victims) 32,140 (1-10 victims) 3,613 (11-50 victims) 288 (51-100 victims) 112 (101+ victims)
Regions with Most Attacks
South America (17266) Middle East/North Africa (15346) Western Europe (14474) South Asia (13072) Central America (10539) Sub-Saharan Africa (5825) Southeast Asia (4938)
States with most attacks (1970-2007)
Colombia (7004) Peru (6082) El Salvador (5347) India (5178) Ireland (3975) Spain (3224) Pakistan (3209) Turkey (2776) Sri Lanka (2498)
States with Deadliest Attacks (Over 100 killed in a single attack)
Nicaragua (12) El Salvador (10) Burundi (7) Sri Lanka (6) Rwanda (6) Russia (4) Nepal (4) Angola (4) Ethiopia (3)
Pape: Strategic Logic of Terrorism
Main points: World leader in suicide terrorism is
LTTE 180 suicide terrorist attacks from 1980-
2001 Why? Because it works; no internment Most common goal: withdrawal of
military forces in land; independence
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