View
1.454
Download
1
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Session conducted as part of Two week Program conducted by CONTACT SAARC III in Kathmandu, Nepal in December 2011OnConflict Transformation and Peace Building in South AsiaChallenges, Threats and Trends
Citation preview
South AsiaChallenges, Threats and Trends
Dr. Mansi Mehrotra
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
PURPOSE
To understand the South Asian kaleidoscope
(from Greek kalos beautiful + eidos form + ‐SCOPE)
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
What are the elements that defines your Ethnic Community?
Ethnicity is a sense of belonging to a particulargroup that distinguishes them from others insocial, cultural, language, religion, region, history,genetic, economic, customs, place of residenceand traditional orientation.
The membership to such exclusive group gives itsmembers material and social advantages alongwith psychological support.
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
INTERVIEW EACH OTHER(Find your partner sitting on your Right)
• What does your partner like about her/his ethnic community? (INDIVIDUALLY)
• What does you partner dislike about her/his community? (INDIVIDUALLY)
• What are some of the common stories your ethnic communities share? (AS A PAIR)
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
LANGUAGE
• Language is a central feature of human identity. When we hear someone speak, we immediately make guesses about gender, education level, age, profession, and place of origin. Beyond this individual matter, a language is a powerful symbol of national and ethnic identity. (Spolsky, 1999, p. 181)
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Language Identity Crises• Pakistan
– National language is Urdu which is the native language of only about 7% of country’s population• Nepal
– Nepal Bhasha Movement 1909 after Khas was renamed “Nepali” and Nepali bhasa was “Newari” in 1905
• Bangladesh– Bengali Language Movement (21st Feb)
• Sri Lanka– Official Language Act No.33 1956
• India– 1952, Telugu Movement by Congress leader Sriramalu 56 day fast. 1953 Andhra Pradesh
Created– 1964, use of English language to cease (TN, WB, Karnataka, AP and Pondicherry)– Anti‐Hindi feelings by Shiv Sena and Maharashtra Navniman Sena– There are also odd examples. In Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland, India’s three Christian‐
majority states in the North‐East, the languages used for official purposes are Hindi, and English (link language), and not the languages spoken by the people in those states.
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
RELIGION
• “Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne connaît point. (The heart has its reasons that reason does not know at all). Les Pensées, (Thoughts) Blaise Pascal, 1665
• Religion is often used to justify conflict, and becomes a source of conflict, even though most religions of the world emphasize peaceful coexistence and tolerance.
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Religious Intolerance• Afghanistan
– March 2000, Taliban destroyed the Bahamian statues• Pakistan
– Small Christian minority has periodically been targeted since Pakistan became a US ally in the so‐called War on Terror. – Red Mosque crisis– Attacks on Ahmadis, Hindus and Shiites– Pakistani authorities shut down 156 radio stations for operating illegally and for “fanning sectarian hatred and anti‐state feelings” in
western tribal areas– Blasphemy laws alienate both moderate Muslims and non‐Muslims– Hudood Ordianace requires strict adherence to Muslim practices and blatantly discriminate against non‐Muslims in the court of law– The Federal Sharia Court (FSC) ensures that all legislative acts and judicial pronouncements, including those of the Supreme Court,
are compatible with Islamic law. • India
– Anti Sikh Riots 1984– Ethnic Cleansing of Kashmiri Pandits– Religious involvement in North‐East India Militancy– Anti‐Muslim Violence– Anti‐Christian Violence– Anti‐Hindu Violence
• Nepal– Christian and Muslim Religious minorities are attacked– On May 23, 2009, a bomb attack against Lalitpur's Catholic Church of the Assumption, claimed by the NDA. Days later, the NDA
issued a call for all Christians to leave Nepal.• Bhutan
– It is illegal to convert someone from the country's two predominant religions, Buddhism and Hinduism– Government has limited non‐Buddhist missionary activity, barring non‐Buddhist missionaries from entering the country, limiting
construction of non‐Buddhist religious buildings, and restricting the celebration of some non‐Buddhist religious festivals.December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
• Bangladesh– Religious minorities, especially Hindus and Ahmadiyyas, face
manifold problems. – Religious minorities are readily attacked by the influential and
politically powerful, enjoying absolute impunity many of them while performing their rituals.
– In many places, houses, businesses and religious properties have been taken or destroyed. Girls and women belonging to religious minorities have been raped for reason of their beliefs.
• Sri Lanka– flag of Śri Lankān– Arrest of Sarah Malathi Perera for her book “From darkness to
light: Questions and Answers”• Maldives
– According to the former President Maumoon Abdul Gavoom, no religion other than Islam should be allowed in the Maldives.
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
ETHNO‐REGIONAL IDENTITIES
If we institutionally define a nation‐state as a set of reciprocal economic, military, and even social rights and obligations, it becomes obvious that a modern nation‐state is as much a state of mind as a geographic entity” Louis Depree
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Regional Divide in SA• Sri Lanka India
• Jharkahand Movement• Uttrakhand• Gorkhaland• Bodoland• Ladakh• The Northeast• Magadh, Bhojpuri Pradesh, Angika Pradesh, • Bajjika Pradesh and • Seemanchal from Bihar, • Udayachal, and Kamatapur from Assam, • Braj Pradesh and Rohilkhand from UP, • Malwa from MP, • Mewar from Rajasthan and • Kuchh and Saurastra from Gujarat• Maharashrtra,MP, AP, UP and Bihar
(Vidarbha, Bundelkand, Telangana, Vindhya Pradesh, Mahakaushal, Purvanchal, Harit Pradesh and Mithilanchal) December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal,
CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Pakistan
• Nepal– Three ecological regions are: (i) the Mountain, (ii) the Hills, and (iii) the Tarai– Politically five development regions by the Panchayat rulers (i) Eastern Development Region, (ii)
Central Development Region, (iii) Western Development Region, (iv) Mid‐Western Development Region, and (v) Far‐Western Development Region.
Time Group Location Description
1947‐48 Baloch Kalat and surroundings
First Baloch insurgency of Abdul Karim Khan against forcible annexation of Balochistaninto Pakistan
1947‐48 Pashtun NWFP Reaction to dismissal of Dr. Khan’s nationalist government
1958‐63 Baloch Baloch countryside Resistance against one‐unit scheme, distant identity
1950s Pashtun NWFP Resistance against one‐unit scheme, afghan irredentist movement. But at the same time Dr. Khan accepted the offer of central government and became Chief minister of West Pakistan
1973‐77 Baloch Baloch tribal areas of Marri‐Mengal
Baloch insurgency against central government on the dismissal of nationalist regime. This war involved more than 80,000 Pakistani troops and some 55,000 Baloch guerrillas (Harrison, 1981). The insurgency ended after the over throw of Bhutto by Zia‐ul‐Haq.
1973‐74 Pashtun NWFP Resignation of elected government as a protest against central governments interference in provincial matters of Balochistan and NWFP
1980s Sindhis Rural Sindh Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
1980s Mohajirs Urban Sindh Killings in Karachi
2002‐? Baloch Baloch countryside Baloch resistance movement: a response to marginalisation, demands for distributive justice
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC GROUPS
“There is no caste in blood.” Edwin Arnold
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
GROUP EXERCISE
Talk to people on your own table
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
ECONOMIC SECURITY
• Poverty and income inequality• Food security• Employment security• Impact of privatisation on economic security• Globalisation and economic security
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
HEALTH AND HUMAN SECURITY
• Health security • Spread of infectious diseases• Causes of health security
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
• Water security• Air pollution• Energy security and environmental impact• Deforestation• Natural and man‐made disasters• Environmental Security in South Asia‐some initiatives
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
CONFLICT AND HUMAN SECURITY
• Conflicts between the states in South Asia• Militarisation: protection or threat to Human Security
• Nuclearisation in South Asia: A deterrent or a threat to human security
• Armed conflicts, arms transfers and human security
‐‐‐cont.‐‐‐
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
CONFLICT AND HUMAN SECURITY• Internal conflicts• Refugees• Cost of
conflictHuman costWomen Economic costRefugee
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Security of Women
Manipuri women protests nude on 15 july 2004 in front of The Assam Rifles against the rape and killing of Manorama by 17 AR
Women harassed by the Police in Bangladesh
Photograph of Aisha
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Gender Equality and Empower WomenShare of women in non‐agricultural wage employment, 1990 & 2004 (in %)
43.2
35.6
23.1
17.3
8.6
39.1
31.1
17.6
12.7
6.6
0 20 40 60
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Bangladesh
Nepal
Pakistan
19902004
46
43
39
18
46
39
38
13
0 50
Europe & C.Asia
Latin America & Caribean
East Asia & Pacific
S.Asia
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Security of Children
In Afghanistan almost 1,800 children have been killed or injured in conflict‐related violence from September 2008 to September 2010
More than a third of the world’s child brides are from India
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Child mortalityUnder‐five mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 1990 and 2004
37
11
55
50
48
41
43
87
46
14
80
77
76
85
101
257
111
32
166
149
145
123
130
260
0 100 200 300
Maldives 87.8% of Target achieved
Sri Lanka 84.4% of Target achieved
Bhutan 77.7% of Target achieved
Bangladesh 72.5% of target achieved
Nepal 71.4% of target achieved
India 46.3% of target achieved
Pakistan 33.5% of target achieved
Afghanistan 1.7% of target achieved
199020042015
Under‐five mortality rate per 1,000 live births, 1990 and 2004
18
199
27
18
43
63
31
36
56
38
92
171
54
58
81
54
129
188
0 50 100 150 200 250
Latin America & Caribbean 63.9% of target achieved
E.Asia & Pacific 56.9% of target achieved
M.East & N.Africa 46.3% of target achieved
CEE/CIS & Baltic States 44.4% of target achieved
S.Asia 43% of target achieved
Sub‐Saharan Africa 13.6% of target achieved
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Net enrolment in primary education
97.1
93.8
89.7
89.7
84
52
54
90
71
86.7
64
33.4
27
0 100 200
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
Maldives
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Afghanistan
2000‐20051990‐91
Percentage of children of primary school age out of school, total and by sex 2000‐03
2.5
10
11.4
26.8
39.3
49.3
1.9
8.8
19
31.6
46.6
52
3
11.2
4.3
22.3
32.4
46.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Maldives
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Bhutan
Out of school males (as % of total primary school age males)
Out of school females (as % of total primary school age females)
Total out of school children(% of total primary school age population)
5.7
5.7
11.7
18.7
26
38.5
45.3
5.8
5.3
12.9
22.1
29.9
39.1
49.3
5.6
6.1
10.5
15.4
22.3
37.8
41.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
E.Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
Central and E.Europe/CIS
M.East & N.Africa
South Asia
Eastern and S.Africa
West & C.Africa
Education
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE AND HUMAN SECURITY
• Nexus between human security and governance
• The sate of governance• The failure of institutions• Economic governance and human security
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
What can change relation between countries?
• Dangers of "Single Story" (Media)• People‐to‐people Contact• Resolving Border issue• Removal of border restrictions• Identity cards and legal migration• Economic, Trade and Financial Connectivity• Road, rail and air connectivity• Internet and mobile connectivity• Water management• Power sharing• Interdependence not isolation or exclusion• Checking TerrorismDecember 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal,
CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal, CONTACT‐SAARC‐III
Recommended