Smart Cities….Smart Future

Smart Cities….Smart Future

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Payam BarnaghiInstitute for Communication Systems (ICS)/5G Innovation Centre University of SurreyGuildford, United Kingdom

The IET Surrey Network, December 2015

“A hundred years hence people will be so avid of every moment of life, life will be so full of busy delight, that time-saving inventions will be at a huge premium…”

“…It is not because we shall be hurried in nerve-shattering anxiety, but because we shall value at its true worth the refining and restful influence of leisure, that we shall be impatient of the minor tasks of every day….”

The March 26, 1906, New Zealand Star :

Source: http://paleofuture.com

3IBM Mainframe 360, source Wikipedia

Apollo 11 Command Module (1965) had 64 kilobytes of memory operated at 0.043MHz.

An iPhone 5s has a CPU running at speeds of up to 1.3GHzand has 512MB to 1GB of memoryCray-1 (1975) produced 80 million Floating point operations per second (FLOPS)10 years later, Cray-2 produced 1.9G FLOPS

An iPhone 5s produces 76.8 GFLOPS – nearly a thousand times more

Cray-2 used 200-kilowatt power

Source: Nick T., PhoneArena.com, 2014image source: http://blog.opower.com/

Computing Power

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−Smaller size−More Powerful−More memory and more storage

−"Moore's law" over the history of computing, the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.

Smaller in size but larger in scale

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The Internet: A brief history

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− 1961: Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961.

− 1962: J.C.R. Licklider of MIT discussed his "Galactic Network" concept - a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.

− 1968: an RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of one of the key components, the packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMP's).

− The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN).

Source: Internet Society

The Internet: A brief history

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− 1970: the Network Working Group (NWG) working under S. Crocker finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol, called the Network Control Protocol (NCP).

− 1972: Bob Kahn organized a large, very successful demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). − This was the first public demonstration of this new

network technology to the public.

− 1972: the first "hot" application, electronic mail, was introduced.

Source: Internet Society

The old Internet timeline

9Source: Internet Society

Submarine cables

10Image source: mail online

Fibre optic cables around the world

A single fibre can transmit as much as 100 billion bits per second (100 Gbps, about ten thousand times faster than a typical home broadband connection)

- A cable can contain hundreds of fibres, a single cable can have enough capacity for the communications of millions of users.

Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-mapsSource: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

Countries at risk of getting disconnected from the internet

Source: http://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps

Connectivity and information exchange was (and is ) the main motivation behind the Internet; but Content and Services are now the key elements;

and all started growing rapidly by the introduction of the World Wide Web.

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The World Wide Web

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Tim Berners-Lee

Early days of the web

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Search on the Internet/Web in the early days

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And there came Google!

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Google says that the web has now 30 trillion unique individual pages;

Source: Intel, 2012

Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

Source: http://www.techspartan.co.uk

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AnyPlace AnyTime

AnyThing

Data Volume

Security, Reliability, Trust and Privacy

Societal Impacts, Economic Values and Viability

Services and Applications

Networking andCommunication

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Sensor devices are becoming widely available

- Programmable devices- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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More “Things” are being connected

Home/daily-life devicesBusiness and Public infrastructureHealth-care…

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Internet of Things (IoT)

− Extending the current Internet and providing connection, communication, and inter-networking between devices and physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is often referred to as the Internet of Things.

− “The technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world data and services into the current information networking technologies are often described under the umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”

1G

AMPS, NMT, TACS

2G

GSM. GPRS, TDMA IS-136,

CDMA IS-95, PDC

3G

UMTS, CDMA2000,

4G5G

LTE, LTE-A

PeopleThings

Voice

Text

Data

5G technologiesand standards

Connection + Control M2M/IoT

Change in the communication technologies

Internet of Things: The story so far

RFID based solutions

Wireless Sensor andActuator networks

, solutions for communication

technologies, energy efficiency, routing, …

Smart Devices/Web-enabled

Apps/Services, initial products,

vertical applications, early concepts and demos, …

Motion sensor

Motion sensor

ECG sensor

Physical-Cyber-Social Systems, Linked-data,

semantics, M2M, More products, more

heterogeneity, solutions for control and

monitoring, …

Future: Cloud, Big (IoT) Data Analytics, Interoperability,

Enhanced Cellular/Wireless Com. for IoT, Real-world operational

use-cases and Industry and B2B services/applications,

more Standards…

Cities of the future

28http://www.globalnerdy.com/2007/08/28/home-electronics-of-the-future-as-predicted-28-years-ago/

What does makes smart cities “smart”?

Smart Citizens (more informed and more in control)

Smart Governance (better services and informed decisions)

Smart Environment

Providing more equality and wider reach

Context-aware and situation-aware services

Cost efficacy and supporting innovation

What does makes smart cities “smart”?

31Source: BBC News

Image sources : The dailymail, http://helenography.net/, http://edwud.com/

Smart Cities: What type of problems we expect to solve?

34Source LAT Times, http://documents.latimes.com/la-2013/

Future cities: A view from 1998

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Source: http://robertluisrabello.com/denial/traffic-in-la/#gallery[default]/0/

Source: wikipedia

Back to the Future: 2013

Applications and potentials

− Analysis of thousands of traffic, pollution, weather, congestion, public transport, waste and event sensory data to provide better transport and city management.

− Converting smart meter readings to information that can help prediction and balance of power consumption in a city.

− Monitoring elderly homes, personal and public healthcare applications.

− Event and incident analysis and prediction using (near) real-time data collected by citizen and device sensors.

− Turning social media data (e.g. Tweets) related to city issues into event and sentiment analysis.

− Any many more…

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Some examples

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Live data Visualisation

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Event Visualisation

CityPulse demo

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Analysing social streams

41With

An example: Extraction of events and semantics from social media

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City Infrastructure

Tweets from a city

P. Anantharam, P. Barnaghi, K. Thirunarayan, A. Sheth, "Extracting city events from social streams,“, 2014.

https://osf.io/b4q2t/

Activity 3.4 – Event Detection for Social Media

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City Infrastructure

Yes it is police @hasselager … there directing traffic

CRF-based NER

Tagging

Multi-view Event

Extraction

Loc. Est. =

“hasselager,

aarhus”

Temp. Est. =

“2015-2-19

21:07:17”

Level = 2

Event Type = Traffic

OSM Loc. CrimeTrans

p.

City Event Extraction

CNN POS+NE

R Event term

extraction

Cultural Social Enviro

. Sport Health

Data

Transp.

Yes <O> it <O> is <O> police <B-CRIME> @hasselager <B-LOCATION>… <O> there <O>

directing <O> traffic <B-TRAFFIC>

Yes <S-NP/O> it <S-NP/O> is <S-VP/O> police <S-NP/O> @hasselager <S-LOC> ... <O/O> there

<S-NP/O> directing <S-VP/O> traffic <S-NP/O>

44http://iot.ee.surrey.ac.uk/citypulse-social/

Not so good examples

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Social media analysis (deep learning – under construction)

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http://iot.ee.surrey.ac.uk/citypulse-social/

Future of the Internet

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In next 5 years

Smart data collection

− Smart data collection

− Intelligent data Processing (selective attention and information-extraction)

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(image source: KRISTEN NICOLE, siliconangle.com)

The rise of sharing economy

49Source: the Economist

More broadband in remote areas

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More connected wearable devcies

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The rise of village notebook/internet kiosks

52Source: wikipedia, green diary

More privacy/control issues

53Source: wikipedia, the economist

Applications and Services

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Future of the Internet

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In next 25 years

Mind will be the machine

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And all will be connected!

The borders blend

57Source: IEEE Internet Computing

Information will find you, not you the information

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Boundary between human, technology and devices

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Desire for innovation

60Driverless Car of the Future (1957)

Image: Courtesy of http://paleofuture.com

Let’s hope

−The Internet of the Future will be −For everyone, everywhere, available at

anytime,−People will have control on their data−Data will be used for helping people−Smart applications will contribute to a

better life and to a better use of of our resources in the world!

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Q&A

− Thank you.

− EU FP7 CityPulse Project:

http://www.ict-citypulse.eu/

@pbarnaghi

p.barnaghi@surrey.ac.uk