Roman Republic and Empire

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Rome “The Eternal City”

Caput Mudi Capital of the World

Ch 6

Famous Roman SightsBuildings / Architecture

The Romans were the Great Builders of the Ancient World

Look these Sights up OnlineExplain & find at least one fact about the famous structure

• The Cloaca Maxima• The Pantheon• Flavian Amphitheatre – Colosseum• Circus Maximus • Aqueducts• The Appian Way – Via Appia• Roman Baths• The Forum

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Cloaca Maxima

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Pantheon “Temple to the Gods”

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumFlavian Amphitheatre

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Wild Animals could appear from the trap doors

Circus Maximus - thenCircus Maximus - then

“Ben Hur”

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Circus Maximus - Circus Maximus - nownow

Circus Maximus - Circus Maximus - nownow

Roman Roman AqueductsAqueducts

Roman Roman AqueductsAqueducts

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman Baths

The Roman The Roman ForumForum

The Roman The Roman ForumForum

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Roman Society & The End of the Republic

PART 1 --- # 32- Government of the Republic- Roman Society- Civil Wars- Julius Caesar

Roman Republic : 509 – 27 BCE

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Gaius Julius Caesar• Gaius – Name• Julius – Clan Name

groups of families with a:Common Mythological Ancestor

• Caesar – Family Name The Individual wasn’t important

- Family / Clan / State : That was Important

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Patricians vs. Plebeians

-Plebeians have no say in the government- Eventually get to elect their own officials called tribunes in 494 B.C.- For 84 years, (421-337 B.C.) plebeians fought to have a role in each part of the government

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The Twelve Tables, The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE450 BCE

The Twelve Tables, The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE450 BCE Providing political and social

rights for the plebeians. – hung in the Forum

Social Structures-A man was the head of the household and his wife and children did not question his authority

- Paterfamilias: Family Father-Over centuries, women received more rights. These included:

-Owning property-Running businesses

-All children were taught to learn to read and write

-Wealthy had private tutors for their children

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Economics-Conquests brought much wealth to Rome-Wealthy families bought huge estates called latifundia.

-Romans forced the people they conquered to work as slaves on the latifundia-Slave labor hurt the small farmers because it cost them more to produce food, and the price was driven down by the immense quantities coming into Rome

-Farmers fell into debt, sold their land, and moved to the city looking for work

-gap between rich and poor widens=riots and chaos27

The Gracchus Brothers•They also worked to get the state to buy grain to feed the poor

•The brothers worked to get the state to distribute the land to the poor farmers

•Senate felt they were a threat to its power, and hired thugs to kill them

-Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus elected tribunes

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Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless

• professional standing army

• He is eventually defeated-exciled

– Caesar learns

Republic to Empire-Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power. The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms

-Slave uprisings throughout the republic “Spartacus”

-Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave them benefits such as captured land / Paid them Personally - Caesar

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The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BCThe Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!

44 BCE - Brutus44 BCE - Brutus

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!

44 BCE - Brutus44 BCE - Brutus

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate Octavian

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Battle of Actium

Battle of Philippi

Antony & Cleopatra

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The Pax Romana“Roman Peace”

27 BCE – 180 ADPART 2

- Period of Unprecedented Stability & Prosperity- Initiated by Octavian (Caesar Augustus)- The Principate - Princips “First among Equals”- “I found Rome Brick & I turned it Marble”

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Octavian -Octavian -Augustus:Augustus:

Rome’s First Rome’s First EmperorEmperor

Octavian -Octavian -Augustus:Augustus:

Rome’s First Rome’s First EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: 27 BCE – : 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: 27 BCE – : 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

The Greatest Extent of The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 the Roman Empire – 14

CECE

The Greatest Extent of The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 the Roman Empire – 14

CECE

To commemorate the birth of Augustus (63 BCE) two thousand years earlier(1937), Mussolini commissioned a model of Rome as

it appeared at the time of Constantine (AD 306-337)

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The Rise of Christianity

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PART 3•Jesus / St. Paul

Birth of Jesus

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Nero Fiddled while Rome Burned- then he blamed the Christians

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The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

Imperial Roman Road Imperial Roman Road SystemSystem

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

“In This Sign, Conquer”

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Constantine: Constantine: 312 - 312 - 337337

Constantine: Constantine: 312 - 312 - 337337Edict of Milan

313 AD

Legalized Christianity in the Empire

Constantinople:Constantinople:

““New Rome” ( 330 New Rome” ( 330 AD)AD)

Constantinople:Constantinople:

““New Rome” ( 330 New Rome” ( 330 AD)AD)

DiocletianDiocletian Splits the Splits the Empire in Two: 294 Empire in Two: 294

ADAD

DiocletianDiocletian Splits the Splits the Empire in Two: 294 Empire in Two: 294

ADAD

Constantinople:Constantinople:

““New Rome” ( 330 New Rome” ( 330 AD)AD)

Constantinople:Constantinople:

““New Rome” ( 330 New Rome” ( 330 AD)AD)

The Later Roman Empire

PART 4 The Fall of Rome & The Legacy of Rome

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Reasons for the Fall of Rome1. War with the Germanic Tribes & Huns

- Germans were pushed by the Huns- the still glowing splendor of RomeMaximus “Rome is the Light, the rest of the

World is Darkness”2. Internal Strife in Rome

- civil war / unstable & poor leadership(corruption)

3. Loss of Moral Standards & Virtues- Commodus

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The Empire in The Empire in Crisis: 3cCrisis: 3c

The Empire in The Empire in Crisis: 3cCrisis: 3c

Barbarian Barbarian InvasionsInvasions

Battle of Adrianople – Visigoths – Battle of Adrianople – Visigoths – 378 AD378 AD

Barbarian Barbarian InvasionsInvasions

Battle of Adrianople – Visigoths – Battle of Adrianople – Visigoths – 378 AD378 AD

Alaric the Visigoth Sacks and Burns Rome in 410 AD

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Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”“The Scourge of God”

Attila the Hun:Attila the Hun:“The Scourge of God”“The Scourge of God”

Battle of Chalons – 451 AD

• Combined Roman and Visogoth armies defeatAttila the Hun

• Attila Presses on toward Rome itself

• Only knowledge of the Plague in Rome prevented him from destroying the city

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Western Rome Falls to the “Barbarians” in 476 AD

• Odoacer (Ostrogoth)overthrew the EmperorRomulus Augustulas

• The Western Empire was over

• The Eastern Empire will live on for another 1,000 years

(Byzantine) Constantinople

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The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of Rome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government Roman Law – Rule of LawRoman Law – Rule of Law Latin Language – Romance Latin Language – Romance

LanguagesLanguages Roman Catholic Church – Roman Catholic Church –

Preserving & Spreading Preserving & Spreading ChristianityChristianity

City Planning & Road BuildingCity Planning & Road Building Romanesque Architectural StyleRomanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering & BuildingRoman Engineering & Building

• Aqueducts / Sewage Aqueducts / Sewage systemssystems

• Dams / Cement / Bridges / Dams / Cement / Bridges / ArchArch

Life of Brian – 1:30

Gladiator plays off Old & New Rome

Republican Virtues (Maximus) Rome in the Empire (Commodus)

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Typical Roman virtues shown by Maximus

1.Farmer / Soldier --- like Cincinnatus2.Simplistic Living – “Spartan Lifestyle”3.Religious Devotion4.Obedience These are prized virtues during the Republic

Period

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GladiatorSetting – 180 AD – Final Year of the Pax Romana

Main Characters______________Maximus Marcus Aurelius Commodus_General_________Emperor_________Emperor___“Cincinnatus” Died of the Fought in

the Virtues Plague arena(sand)Gladiatorial Competitions go back to the Etruscans

- 264 BCE was the first recorded - CommodusFought in the Colosseum over 700 times(never lost)

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