Rajul use of biosensors in agriculure

SUBMITTED TODr. M. L. Kewat

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

JABALPUR (M.P.)

PRESENTED BY-RAJUL SONI

M.Sc (Ag).Final Year

Enroll. 160111011

Department of Agronomy

Use Of Biosensors In Agriculure

CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Principles of biosensor

3. Elements of biosensor

4. Basic characteristics of biosensor

5. Types of biosensor

6. Applications of biosensor

7. References

INTRODUCTION

The term “biosensor” was introduced by

Clark and Lyos in 1962.

Self contained integrated device that is

capable of providing specific qualitative or

semi-quantitative analytical information using

a biological recognition element which is in

direct spatial contact with a transduction

element.

Principle of biosensor

1. Immobilization of biological material on the

immobilization support, the permeable

membrane, in the direct vicinity of a sensor.

2. The substances to be measured pass through

the membrane and interact with the

immobilized material and yield the product.

3. The product passes through another

membrane to the transducer.

4. The transducer converts product into an electric

signal which is amplified.

5. The signal processing equipment converts theamplified signals into a display most commonly theelectric signal which can be read out and recorded.

Working of Biosensors

• The preferred biological material like enzyme ispreferred for conventional methods like physicalor membrane entrapment and non covalent orcovalent binding.

• The preferred biological material is in contactwith the transducer.

• To produce a bound analyte through the analytebinds to the biological material which producesthe electrical response to be measured.

• In some cases the analyte changed to a productand have some probability to associate with therelease of heat, gases like oxygen, electrons orhydrogen ions.

BASIC CHARACTERESTICS

• LINEARITY: should be high- for thedetection of high substrate concentration.

• SENSITIVITY: value of electroderesponse per substrate concentration.

• SELECTIVITY: chemical interferencemust be minimized for obtaining correctResult.

• RESPONSE TIME: time necessary forhaving 95% of the response.

Advantages

Highly specific.

Independent of Factors like stiring, pH,

etc.

Linear responcse, Tiny & Biocopatible.

Easy to use, Durable.

Rapid Accurate, Stable & Sterilizable.

Applications of biosensors

• Biosensors have a very wide range of applications that

aim to improve the quality of life.

• This range covers their use for environmental

monitoring, disease detection, food safety, defence, drug

discovery and many more.

• Biosensors can also be used as platforms for monitoring

food traceability, quality, safety and nutritional value .

• These applications fall into the category of ‘single shot’

analysis tools, i.e. where cost-effective and disposable

sensing platforms are required for the application.

• On the other hand, an application such as pollution

monitoring requires a biosensor to function from a few

hours to several days

Applications Of Biosensor

In Agriculture

Organophosphorus compounds

Group of chemicals that widely used as

insecticides in modern agriculture for

controlling a wide variety of insect, pest,

weeds and disease-transmitting vectors.

Organophosphorus:-

•Pesticides

•Herbicides

PESTICIDES

• Of all the pesticides are the most abundant

(present in water, atmosphere, soil, plants

and food).

• Enzymatic sensors, based on the inhibition

of a selected enzyme are the most

extensively used biosensors for the

determination of the compounds.

Examples of biosensors used in

the detection of pesticides

Analyte Type of interaction Recognition biocatalyzer

Transduction system

Simazina Biocatalytic Peroxidase Potentiometric

Isoproturon Biocatalytic Antibody encapsulate

Immunosensor immunoreaction

Parathion Biocatalytic Parathion hyrolase Amperometric

Paraxon Biocatalytic Alkaline phosphatase

Optical

Carbaril Biocatalytic Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric

Herbicides

• For the detection of herbicides such as the

phenylurease and triazines, biosensors

have been designed with membrane

receptors of thylakoid and chloroplast,

photo system and reaction centers or

complete cells such as unicellular alga and

phenylureas and triazines,in which mainly

amperometric and optical transductors

have been employed

Examples of biosensors used in

the detection of herbicides

Analyte Type of interaction

Recognition biocatalyzer

Transduction system

2,4-Dichlorofenoxiacetic

Immunoanalysis Acetilcolinesterase Amperometric

Diuron, Paraquat

Biocatalytic Cynobacteria Bioluminescence

•Such biosensors can be termed ‘long-term monitoring’analysis tools.• Whether it is long-term monitoring or single shot analysis,biosensors find their use as technologically advanceddevices both in resource-limited settings and sophisticatedmedical set-ups: e.g. with applications in drug discoveryfor the detection of a number of chemical and biologicalagents that are considered to be toxic materials of defenceinterest for use in artificial implantable devices such aspacemakers and other prosthetic devices and sewageepidemiology .•A range of electrochemical, optical and acoustic sensingtechniques have been utilised, along with their integrationinto analytical devices for various applications indicatesdifferent areas of research where biosensors have beenused.

Environmental MONITORING

• Using biological engineering researchers have created many microbial biosensors. An example is the arsenic biosensor. To detect arsenic they use the Ars operon Using bacteria, researchers can detect pollutants in samples.

AnalyteRecognition biocomponent

Transduction system

Matrix

Nickel ionsBacillus sphaericus strain MTCC 5100

Electrochemical

Electrochemical Industrial effluents and foods

Zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, iron and aluminum

Chlorella vulgarisstrain CCAP211/12

Electrochemical Urban waters

Mercury() and lead() ions

DNA Optical Water

Cadmium, copper and lead

Sol-gel-immobilized urease

ElectrochemicalSyntheticeffuents

Mercury, cadmium and arsenic

Urease enzyme ElectrochemicalStandardsolutions

Food analysis

•There are several applications of biosensors in food analysis.• In the food industry, optics coated with antibodies are commonly used to detect pathogens and food toxins. •Commonly, the light system in these biosensors is fluorescence, since this type of optical measurement can greatly amplify the signal.A range of immuno- and ligand-binding assays for the detection and measurement of small molecules such as water-soluble vitamins and chemical contaminants (drug residues) such as sulfonamides have been developed for use on SPR based sensor systems, often adapted from existing ELISA or other immunological assay. These are in widespread use across the food industry.

Summary

• Biosensors are nowadays ubiquitous in different areas of healthcare.

• A range of transduction techniques such as electrochemical, optical and acoustic, can be used for biosensors.

• High-affinity reagents such as antibodies, enzymes and synthetic biomolecules can be coupled to the transducer in order to provide specificity of the biosensors.

• Nanotechnology has had a major impact on recent advances of biosensing technology.

Referances

• de Picciotto, S; Dickson, PM; Traxlmayr, MW; Marques,

BS; Socher, E; Zhao, S; Cheung, S; Kiefer, JD; Wand,

AJ; Griffith, LG; Imperiali, B; Wittrup, KD (Jul 2016).

"Design Principles for SuCESsFul Biosensors: Specific

Fluorophore/Analyte Binding and Minimization of

Fluorophore/Scaffold Interactions". J Mol Biol. 428:

4228–4241. PMID 27448945.

doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.07.004

• Saharudin Haron Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback

Machine. and Asim K. Ray (2006) Optical biodetection of

cadmium and lead ions in water. Medical Engineering

and Physics, 28 (10). pp. 978–981.

•"Protein Engineering and Electrochemical Biosensors".

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology: 65–

96. doi:10.1007/10_2007_080.

Krupin, O.; Wang, C.; Berini, P. "Optical plasmonic

biosensor for leukemia detection". SPIE Newsroom (22

January 2016). doi:10.1117/2.1201512.006268.

En. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/biosensor

Turner, Anthony; Wilson, George; Kaube, Isao (1987).

Biosensors:Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford, UK:

Oxford University Press. p. 770. ISBN 0198547242.

THANK YOU