PhD Mini Viva Talk

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This is the presentation of my mini viva talk given to examiners who assess my PhD's 1st year following the probationary report. It is a summary of my research aims, what I have been doing since the beginning of my 1st year and my plans for the following years of the PhD

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Mini-Viva Presentation Duygu Simsek

duygu.simsek@open.ac.uk

Supervisors: Prof. Simon Buckingham Shum, Dr. Anna De Liddo & Dr. Rebecca Ferguson

Examiners: Prof. Steve Swithenby & Prof. Denise Whitelock

The Open Science Laboratory

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Research Aim

• To investigate

• Whether or not computational techniques can automatically identify attributes of good scholarly writing

• What is the potential of these techniques for student essay analysis?

• How we can best feedback the results of such analysis in a way that learners can value to improve the quality of their writing.

• How educators can use these results for automatic or semi-automatic assessment of their students writing.

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Good Scholarly Writing? Quality of Writing? • Signalled by the use of

metadiscourse markers in the text.

• Metadiscourse:

• Linguistic cues in the text

• Expresses a viewpoint, the problem, claim, argument, the evidence and the implications

• Engages the readers, and signals the writer's stance.

Italicised words are example metadiscourse markers

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Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP)

• Automatic processing of scientific documents

• Recognition of the rhetorically significant sentences

• 8 categories of Rhetorical Moves

• Background Knowledge

• Summarising

• Tendency

• Novelty

• Significance

• Surprise

• Open Question

• Contrasting Ideas

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Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP)

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Original Contribution of PhD

• Carrying XIP into the education field

• For professional scientific articles written by experienced researchers

• But now for analysis of student essays

• Hypothesis: An outcome of the XIP processed scientific documents can demonstrate the quality of the author’s written discourse; and therefore can be used to scaffold and assess scholarly writing.

• First in depth opportunity to

• Assess a state of the art language technology

• Integrate its services into software tools for academic writing

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Research Questions

• Main Research Question

• How can we support students’ scholarly writing skills to improve the quality of their writing through automated metadiscourse analysis?

• Sub-Question 1 • How reliable and sufficient are the automated discourse analysis tools

for finding good attributes of scholarly writing within student essays?

• Sub-Question 2 • To what extent is there a relation between the existences of various

kinds of argumentative discourse moves in student essays with final grades?

• Sub-Question 3 • To what extent automated metadiscourse analysis of discipline-

independent student essays can be used to provide formative feedback?

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Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

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Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

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Learning Analytics

Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

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Learning Analytics

Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

Scientific Writing

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Learning Analytics

Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

Scientific Writing

Rhetorical

Parsers

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Learning Analytics

Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

Scientific Writing

Rhetorical

Parsers

Discourse Centric

Learning Analytics

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Learning Analytics

Computational Linguistics

Academic Writing

Where this research sits?

Scientific Writing

Rhetorical

Parsers

Discourse Centric

Learning Analytics

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/09

/20

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Literature Review Journey

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Literature Review Journey

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Literature Review Journey

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Literature Review Journey

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Literature Review Journey

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• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

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/09

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13

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esd

ay, T

he

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en

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iver

sity

M

ini V

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Pre

sen

tati

on

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

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iver

sity

M

ini V

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Pre

sen

tati

on

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

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iver

sity

M

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on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Learning Analytics: Promising potential of automated, timely & formative feedback.

• Unresolved Question: “What does

analytics look like for a higher order skill such as communicating ideas in scientific writing, with a primary focus on assessing students?”

Literature Review Journey

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

• Academic Writing: Writers signal argumentative moves by using well-established patterns

• Debate on whether these

patterns are discipline independent or not • Computational Linguistics:

Possible automated analysis of scientific & technical writing but barely deployed in educational context!

• Need: XIP output is not

educator/learner friendly.

• Run XIP on essays from different disciplines

• Validate XIP in educational context

• If we can show there is a value for learners & educators then it has a potential for formative assessment of writing.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections? 1

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Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections? 1

0/0

9/2

01

3, T

ues

day

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pen

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Data Set Proceedings of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conferences and a journal special issue, and the Educational Data Mining (EDM) conferences and journal.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections? 1

0/0

9/2

01

3, T

ues

day

, Th

e O

pen

U

niv

ersi

ty

Min

i Viv

a P

rese

nta

tio

n

Data Set Proceedings of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conferences and a journal special issue, and the Educational Data Mining (EDM) conferences and journal.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections? 1

0/0

9/2

01

3, T

ues

day

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pen

U

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ty

Min

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XIP Analysis All of the papers (66 LAK and 239 EDM papers 305 in total) were analysed using XIP, extracting 7847 sentences and 40163 concepts.

Data Set Proceedings of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conferences and a journal special issue, and the Educational Data Mining (EDM) conferences and journal.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections? 1

0/0

9/2

01

3, T

ues

day

, Th

e O

pen

U

niv

ersi

ty

Min

i Viv

a P

rese

nta

tio

n

XIP Analysis All of the papers (66 LAK and 239 EDM papers 305 in total) were analysed using XIP, extracting 7847 sentences and 40163 concepts.

Data Set Proceedings of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conferences and a journal special issue, and the Educational Data Mining (EDM) conferences and journal.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• Aim: Visualise XIP output

• Question in mind: Can visual XIP analysis of literature help users to assess current state of the art in terms of trends, patterns, gaps, and connections?

XIP Output: Not learner friendly

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

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iver

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ini V

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Pre

sen

tati

on

XIP Analysis All of the papers (66 LAK and 239 EDM papers 305 in total) were analysed using XIP, extracting 7847 sentences and 40163 concepts.

Data Set Proceedings of the Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) conferences and a journal special issue, and the Educational Data Mining (EDM) conferences and journal.

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• XIP Dashboard is a set of visual analytics modules built on XIP output.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• XIP Dashboard is a set of visual analytics modules built on XIP output.

Paper Prototype & User Evaluation 6 user sessions were conducted with 1st year PhD students from OU

10

/09

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, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• XIP Dashboard is a set of visual analytics modules built on XIP output.

Paper Prototype & User Evaluation 6 user sessions were conducted with 1st year PhD students from OU

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Pilot Work: XIP Dashboard

• XIP Dashboard is a set of visual analytics modules built on XIP output.

Paper Prototype & User Evaluation 6 user sessions were conducted with 1st year PhD students from OU

XIP Dashboard

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

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iver

sity

M

ini V

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Pre

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tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Dissemination of Work

• Various poster presentations & talks.

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

What are the Next Plans?

• Design refinements to the XIP Dashboard

• User evaluations

• XIP as an API, Web Service

• Integrate to software tools, XIP Dashboard

• Test XIP’s power on student essays

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Data Collection & Analysis What? When? How? Why?

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-12B (2012 Course)

• Analysis of student essays through XIP

• Comparison of XIP findings with final grades

• To see whether XIP can identify important parts of student essays

• To see whether or not we can correlate XIP results with final grades

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-13B (2013 Course)

Same as two above • Use of Google Docs for

collaboratively written report where we back up the revision history & analyse through XIP

Same as two above • To see whether XIP can reveal

interesting predictive patterns about the quality of the end document and the final grade.

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-14B (2014 Course)

Same as above • Develop software with XIP

Visual Analytics Dashboard integrated

• Get users’ reactions

Same as above • Analyses student essays &

provide real-time analytics of students’ essays as a feedback to students.

Student Essays (soft domains)

N/A Same as above Same as above • Test the discipline independency

of XIP

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

Data Collection & Analysis What? When? How? Why?

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-12B (2012 Course)

• Analysis of student essays through XIP

• Comparison of XIP findings with final grades

• To see whether XIP can identify important parts of student essays

• To see whether or not we can correlate XIP results with final grades

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-13B (2013 Course)

Same as two above • Use of Google Docs for

collaboratively written report where we back up the revision history & analyse through XIP

Same as two above • To see whether XIP can reveal

interesting predictive patterns about the quality of the end document and the final grade.

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-14B (2014 Course)

Same as above • Develop software with XIP

Visual Analytics Dashboard integrated

• Get users’ reactions

Same as above • Analyses student essays &

provide real-time analytics of students’ essays as a feedback to students.

Student Essays (soft domains)

N/A Same as above Same as above • Test the discipline independency

of XIP

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

RQ1: How reliable and sufficient are the automated discourse analysis tools for finding good attributes of scholarly writing within

student essays?

Data Collection & Analysis What? When? How? Why?

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-12B (2012 Course)

• Analysis of student essays through XIP

• Comparison of XIP findings with final grades

• To see whether XIP can identify important parts of student essays

• To see whether or not we can correlate XIP results with final grades

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-13B (2013 Course)

Same as two above • Use of Google Docs for

collaboratively written report where we back up the revision history & analyse through XIP

Same as two above • To see whether XIP can reveal

interesting predictive patterns about the quality of the end document and the final grade.

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-14B (2014 Course)

Same as above • Develop software with XIP

Visual Analytics Dashboard integrated

• Get users’ reactions

Same as above • Analyses student essays &

provide real-time analytics of students’ essays as a feedback to students.

Student Essays (soft domains)

N/A Same as above Same as above • Test the discipline independency

of XIP

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

RQ1: How reliable and sufficient are the automated discourse analysis tools for finding good attributes of scholarly writing within

student essays?

RQ2: To what extent is there a relation between the

existences of various kinds of argumentative discourse

moves in student essays with final grades?

Data Collection & Analysis What? When? How? Why?

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-12B (2012 Course)

• Analysis of student essays through XIP

• Comparison of XIP findings with final grades

• To see whether XIP can identify important parts of student essays

• To see whether or not we can correlate XIP results with final grades

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-13B (2013 Course)

Same as two above • Use of Google Docs for

collaboratively written report where we back up the revision history & analyse through XIP

Same as two above • To see whether XIP can reveal

interesting predictive patterns about the quality of the end document and the final grade.

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-14B (2014 Course)

Same as above • Develop software with XIP

Visual Analytics Dashboard integrated

• Get users’ reactions

Same as above • Analyses student essays &

provide real-time analytics of students’ essays as a feedback to students.

Student Essays (soft domains)

N/A Same as above Same as above • Test the discipline independency

of XIP

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

RQ1: How reliable and sufficient are the automated discourse analysis tools for finding good attributes of scholarly writing within

student essays?

RQ2: To what extent is there a relation between the

existences of various kinds of argumentative discourse

moves in student essays with final grades?

RQ3: To what extent automated metadiscourse

analysis of discipline-independent student essays can be used to

provide formative feedback?

Data Collection & Analysis What? When? How? Why?

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-12B (2012 Course)

• Analysis of student essays through XIP

• Comparison of XIP findings with final grades

• To see whether XIP can identify important parts of student essays

• To see whether or not we can correlate XIP results with final grades

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-13B (2013 Course)

Same as two above • Use of Google Docs for

collaboratively written report where we back up the revision history & analyse through XIP

Same as two above • To see whether XIP can reveal

interesting predictive patterns about the quality of the end document and the final grade.

Student Essays of OU’s S288

S288-14B (2014 Course)

Same as above • Develop software with XIP

Visual Analytics Dashboard integrated

• Get users’ reactions

Same as above • Analyses student essays &

provide real-time analytics of students’ essays as a feedback to students.

Student Essays (soft domains)

N/A Same as above Same as above • Test the discipline independency

of XIP

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on

RQ1: How reliable and sufficient are the automated discourse analysis tools for finding good attributes of scholarly writing within

student essays?

RQ2: To what extent is there a relation between the

existences of various kinds of argumentative discourse

moves in student essays with final grades?

RQ3: To what extent automated metadiscourse

analysis of discipline-independent student essays can be used to

provide formative feedback?

How can we support students’ scholarly

writing skills to improve the quality

of their writing through automated

metadiscourse analysis?

Validation of XIP

XIP

Quality

Grades

Science

Social Sciences

Art

History

Marking Rubrics

Representations

Educators

Tutors

Students

10

/09

/20

13

, Tu

esd

ay, T

he

Op

en

Un

iver

sity

M

ini V

iva

Pre

sen

tati

on