Overview of AP Period 1

Pre-history

• Crash course in World History

Paleolithic and Neolithic

Paleolithic Age2 million to 8,000 BCE

Human Life in the Era of Hunters

and Gatherers

Paleolithic

Nomads: Follow the Food

• Sole purpose was to

satisfy their basic needs:

food and shelter

• No advanced tools

• Followed food

• Found shelter

Paleolithic Era

• Homo-Sapiens (10,000 BCE)

– Bipedal

– Larger brains

– Stronger

– Tools and weapons

Human Society and Daily Life at the End of the

Paleolithic Age

– Variety

• Bands of hunter-gatherers

• Agricultural settlements

– Gender division of labor

• Men: hunting, fishing, defense

• Women: gathering, making medicine

Human Life in the Era of Hunters

and Gatherers

The Spread of Human Populations,

c. 10,000 B.C.E.

Focus Question

What causes people to migrate?

Bantu Migrations(1500 BCE-500 CE)

• Bantu people originated in

central Africa (Cameroon)

• Migration triggered by the

drying of the Sahara

– Reach South Africa by 300 CE

• Introduced agriculture, cattle

herding, and iron (?) to Sub-

Saharan Africa

• Become dominant ethnic and

language group of Sub-Saharan

Africa

African Language DistributionBantu words

borrowed by Western

culture

Banjo

Bongos

Gumbo

Jumbo

Safari

Conga

Rumba

Zombie

Kwanzaa

Polynesian Migrations(3000 BCE -500 CE)

Settling Down:The Neolithic Revolution

Neolithic Revolution• Around 10000 BCE, two discoveries revolutionized

human society

– Farming (1st crops were wheat & barley)

– Herding (1st domesticated animals were goats,

pigs, & cattle)

• Domesticated animals produced a new type of

society called Pastoralists

• Farming & herding allowed for urban development

– 1st cities emerged in Middle East (Turkey &

Jordan)

– Jericho and Catal Huyuk

Sedentary agriculture:

– Plants (Grains) and Animals domesticated

– Two types:

• Horticulture = only use hand tools to and science

of cultivation

• Agriculture = domestication of plants and animals

– Development of towns

– Causes?

• Climatic shifts

The Neolithic Revolution –

8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Origins of Agriculture

The Domestication of Plants and Animals

– Plants

• Slow development

• Oats, wheat, barley = 9000 BCE

• Rice (South China) = 6000BCE

• Maize (Americas) = 4000 BCE

The Neolithic Revolution –

8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

The Domestication of Plants and Animals

– Animals from 12,000 B.C.E.:

• 1st = dogs

• Asia = sheep and goats

• Eurasia = pigs, horses, cows

• China = water buffalo and chickens

• Arabia and Central Asia = camels

• Andes = llama

• Mesopotamia = no good

conditions or animals suited

for domestication

The Neolithic Revolution –

8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

The Spread of Agriculture

Think about the Big Picture

• Nomadic versus Agricultural Societies

– When you are moving around a lot, the land

belongs to everyone but if you start to stay on land

for generations it becomes your home. If someone

else comes and drinks your water or your hill than

they are looked upon as intruders or invaders, not

neighbors. Once nomads started to interact with

sedimentary societies through trade and conflict,

things started to get complicated.

“CIVILIZATION”

1.) Surplus

2.) Specialized occupations

3.) Social classes

4.) Growth of cities

5.) Complex formal government

6.) Long-distance trade

7.) Writing systems

“Marker” Events of

Neolithic Time Period

1.) Settled Societies

– Population:

• Pre-neolithic: 5-8 million

• By 4000 B.C.E., 60 or 70 million

Çatal Hüyük

– c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey

– Large complex

– Agriculture, commerce

– Shrines

Jericho~ built between 10,000- 9000 BCE on Jordan River

near Palestine

~ size of a few soccer fields

~ few thousand people

~ village surrounded by a wall

Olmecs 1600 BCE

• First civilization in Mexico

• Known for “colossal heads”

Chavin and Moche

• South America – Andes

mountains (modern day Peru)

• Chavin 900-200BCE

• Moche 100-700CE

27

“Marker” Events of

Neolithic Time Period

2.) Division of Labor

– Specialization

3.) Social inequality

– Social classes based on division of labor

4.) Gender inequality

– Because of hunting and gathering

“Marker” Events of

Neolithic Time Period

5.) Surplus

– allows a society to become complex and create

institutions

6.) Religious Changes

– Development and practice

Technology Emerges:

• Granite = sharpened to form farming tools

• Pottery = was used for cooking

• Textiles = Weaving for clothing, baskets, and nets

• Wheels = carts and sails for boats

• Metallurgy = Tools and weapons made of bronze

(figured out how to combined copper with tin to

create harder metal) =

Location of Ancient Culture Hearths

What environmental conditions were

needed to develop the first civilizations?

The Big, Early Civilizations: The

Rivers Deliver

• Major early civilizations developed became dominate around 3000 to 2000 B.C.E.

– Mesopotamia

– Egypt

– India

– China

– Americas

Ancient Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia: Lots of Water

• Means: Land between Rivers”; Tigris and Euphrates

• Series of ancient Civilizations: Sumer, Babylon, and

Persia

• Flooding was unpredictable so they learned to build

canals and dikes

• By 3000 B.C.E. Ur, Erech, and Kish

were all major civilizations of Sumer

Sumer: First Major Mesopotamia

Civilization

Sumerian: Political and Social

Organization• City-States

- Establish boundaries

- State religion

- Courts

• Kings

- Defense, war

• Priests

- With kings, administer state

land and slaves

Sumer: First Major Mesopotamia

Civilization

Sumerian: Culture and

Religion

– Writing

• Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets

• Phonetic

• Scribes

• Gilgamesh

– Astronomy, numeric system

– Religion

• Patron gods

Government

• Initially, priest-kings rule city-

states

– Sumerians (c. 3500 BCE)

• City-states evolve into empires

– Akkadians (c. 2334-2218 BCE)

• Land owning aristocracy

dominated

• Develop a formal legal codes

– Hammurabi’s Code (c. 1800

BCE)

Religion

• Believed in 3,000 gods

• Goal: Appease gods to

control nature

• Art and literature focus on

gods and religion

– Epic of Gilgamesh

• Contains a story of an epic

flood

• Built ziggurats

Society

• Social stratification

• Slavery was common

– One could become a slave through war, crime, or debt

– Slaves were used in temples, public buildings, or private homes

• Patriarchal

– Women could hold most occupations

Nobles

Freemen

Slaves

Science & Technology

• Inventions: wheel,

sail, and plow

• Bronze metallurgy

• 1st system of writing

– Cuneiform

• 1st number system

– Based on units of

10, 60, & 360

• Astronomy

Economy

From Sumer to Akkad:

2300 BCE

• As Sumer declined, the city of Akkad rose to dominated the region

• Sargon = leader

From Akkad to Babylon:

1700 BCE

• By 1700 Akkad was overthrown by Babylon

• King Hammurabi expanded on the code that dealt with daily life

• Code of Hammurabi created a significant step towards are modern legal system

Babylon to Hittites:

1500 BCE

• Babylon quickly fell due to the invasions of the Kassities and then the Hittites

• Hittites dominated the region because of iron

• Establish the capital of Nineveh = library

• Built a highly disciplined but cruel empire in the Fertile Crescent

• Hated by those it conquered and sent many groups into exile….. a result was cultural diffusion

Hittites to the Assyrians:

900 BCE

Assyria to Neo-Babylon:

500 BCE• In a few hundred years the

Assyrians were defeated by the Medes and Chaldeans

• The Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon

• Babylon was doomed to fall and a new civilization, the Persian Empire developed

Think about the Big Picture

Continuity and Change

• As civilizations were conquered, their cultural

heritage, religions, laws, and customs, and

technologies were rarely lost

• Commonly, conquering civilizations adopted and

adapted customs and technologies of those defeated

(Code of Hammurabi and iron)

Persian Immersion

• REALLY Big Empire

• To improve transportation

and communication across

the empire they built

series of long roads…

• The Great Royal Roads

(1,600 miles from Persian

Gulf to Aegean Sea)

Mesopotamia in Maps

Lydians, Phoenicians, and

Hebrews

Within the Persian Empire smaller societies

existed

– Lydians: coined money to conduct trade rather

than the barter system

• Allowed people to save money

– Phoenicians: established powerful naval city-

states along the Mediterranean and developed the

22 letter alphabet system

– Hebrews: Judaism (monotheistic)

• Crash Course in

Mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt

• Relatively isolated

• Nile flooded regularly,

predictably

– Provided rich soil, easy soil

to farm

– Civilization regulated

flooding, surveying

• Control the Nile; control

society

Society

• Social Stratification

– Limited opportunity for

social mobility

• Slavery common

• Women have more

rights

– Could own property,

propose marriage, and

demand a divorce

Egyptian Women, Hear Them

Roar• Queen Hatshepsut ruler for 22 years during the

New Kingdom

• Women were expected to be subservient to men

• Young girls were not educated as nearly as well as young boys

• Egyptian women had more rights than their counterparts in Mesopotamia :

– Buy and sell property

– Inherit property

– Choose to will their property as they pleased

Egyptian Ideas and Art

– Hieroglyphic alphabet

• Pictograms, phonetic

• Papyrus

• Monopolized by priesthood

– Medicine

– Religion

• Isis, Osiris, Horus

• Cycle of life, annual rise

and fall of Nile

Book of the Dead

• Polytheistic

• Focus on life after death- the afterlife

• Take earthly belonging with you to the afterlife

• Needed your body-invention of mummification

Book of

the

Dead

Pre-Dynastic Period

3200-2600 BC

• Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt separate kingdoms united

• Dynastic System develops

• Ruler (Pharoah) considered divine

• Irrigation projects lead to an abundance of food and population explosion

Old Kingdom Egypt: The Pyramid Age

2600 BC – 2150 BC

• King Menes unites – capital at Memphis

• Era of Relative Peace and Stability

• Major construction projects

• Economy strong

• 2600 BC– 1st Pyramid Building

– Tombs of Pharaohs

• 2500 BC– Great Pyramids & Sphinx constructed at Giza

– Hieroglyphics standardized

– Evidence of graffiti at tombs

• 2100 BC – Regional nobles competed for control

– Dynasty loses control

King Menes Memphis

Middle Kingdom Egypt: Trade and Instability

2100 BC – 1700 BC

• 2000 BC – Strong Pharaohs from Thebes gain control

of the kingdom– Mentuhotep II regains control over all of

Egypt– Egypt becomes an international power by

reconquering Nubia and expanding trade routes

– Foreigners called Hyksos from eastern Mediterranean settle in Egypt during good times

• 1500 BC– Hyksos eventually gain control of Lower

Egypt– Native Egyptians still control Upper Egypt

from Thebes

Akhenaten

New Kingdom Egypt: The Age of Empire

1550 BCE – 700 BCE

• 1550 BC

– Rulers from Thebes reassert control and drive out Hyksos

– Expand borders of Egypt in military campaign designed to strengthen the empire

– Take control of Nubia and the Levant

– Force tribute from Babylon, Assyria and other neighbors top the East

• 1400 BC

– Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) attempts to impose monotheism

• 1320 Ramses II

– Strong, warrior Pharaoh

– Signed treaty w/ Hittites

Ancient Egypt

• Three Kingdoms

Old Middle New

Nubia/Kush and Aksum

• Nubia

– Nile River Civilization

– Between Egypt and Aksum

– Farming

• Aksum

– Ethiopian Highlands

– Traders

– Never Conquered

– Independent existence by 1000 B.C.E.

– Conquered Egypt by 730 B.C.E.

– After Assyrian conquest of Egypt

• Kush moves south

• Meroë, 6th century

– Height from 250 B.C.E. to 50 C.E.

• center of iron working

– Defeated by Axum, c. 300 C.E.

Kush

Ancient Egypt in Decline

• By 1100 B.C.E. Egypt

fell into decline

– Both the Assyrian

Empire and Persian

Empire conquered

parts of the empire

– Later the Greeks, then

Romans completely

absorbed Egypt into

their Empire

Think about the Big Picture

Compare and Contrast

Mesopotamia and Egypt

Homework:

~ use organizer and rubric to help you write your

essay

~ Typed

• Crash course in

Ancient Egypt

ANCIENT

CIVILIZATIONS:

INDIA AND CHINA

Ancient India & China

Indus River Valley

Cities emerge around

2500 BCE

Culturally unified city-

states

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Mysterious ending

Environmental degradation

vs. Aryan invasion

Indus River Valley

Polytheistic religion

Influenced Hinduism

Planned cities with

large temples

Undecipherable writing

system

Advanced technology

Plumbing systems

The Great Epics

Aryans

Indo-European pastoralists

Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E.

Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age

Rig-Veda

1028 hymns

Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E.

The Upanishads

The Framework for Indian History: Epics

The Great Epics

Aryans

Indo-European pastoralists

Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E.

Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age

Rig-Veda

1028 hymns

Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E.

The Upanishads

The Framework for Indian History: Epics

Crash course in India

ANCIENT CHINA

ANCIENT CHINA

Ancient China

Developed in isolation

along the Huang He

(Yellow) River

Shang dynasty

emerged c. 1500 BCE

Warlike kings & landed

aristocracy dominate

Cities surrounded by

massive earthen walls

Ancient China

Chinese Society

Family at center of society

Extended-family structure

Women were subordinate

Chinese Culture

Believed spirits of family

ancestors could bring good

fortune or disaster

Oracle bones (right)

Bronze & silk

Dynastic Cycle

Mandate of Heaven—Rulers are chose to rule by heaven and will continue to rule as long as heaven is pleased; if heaven is not

pleased, heaven will pass the mandate to another family