ORALCOM Week 3 4 Public Speaking Apprehension

IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

•It shares your ideas with the public.•During the modern times, a lot of men and women have shared ideas and have influenced the world with their speeches.•Communication skills (including public speaking) were the first among the qualities sought by most employers.

•It is a vital means of civic engagement.•It can express your ideas that can create an impact in a democratic society.•It is a form of empowerment.•Public speaking offers you an opportunity to make a difference.

PUBLICSPEAKING

ORDINARYCONVERSATIO

N

Organized

Adapting feedback

With impact

Tailored

Highly structured

Special delivery

More formal

Can be interrupte

d

Informal delivery

Can be informal

FOUR IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC SPEECHES FOR A COMMUNITY

1. For self-definition - identifying our sense of belongingness with the community

2. To spread information through a community.

- SONA, press conference, etc.3. To debate questions of fact, values, and policy in community.

- for arguments4. To bring about individual and group change

- for persuasion

Ethical Principles for Public Speaking (Verderber, 2012)

1.Ethical communicators are honest.

2.Ethical communicators have integrity.

3.Ethical communicators are fair.4.Ethical communicators

demonstrate respect for others.5.Ethical communicators are

responsible

SPEECH EFFECTIVENESS

•The extent to which the audience listens, understands, remembers and is motivated to act on what the speaker says.•Must be a goal of every public speaker

CREATING AND DELIVERING YOUR FIRST SPEECH

GUIDELINES (Abelos, 2006)1. Approach the first speech with a

positive attitude2. Select a subject for your speech3. Develop your purpose and

supporting materials4. Organize the speech5. Develop language6. Practice the speech7. Delivering the speech8. Criticism of the speech

OVERCOMING YOUR PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION OR STAGE FRIGHT

“Although stage fright is normal in public settings, even the most frightened person whose heart is pounding will perform better when he or she is well prepared.”

(Verderber, 2012)

STAGE FRIGHT ALERT!

PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION•A type of public speaking anxiety which is a fear you encounter when expecting a speaking task or actually speaking in front of an audience.•It plagues most public speakers; in fact, as many as 76% of experienced public speakers have speaking apprehension.

PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION1= STRONGLY AGREE 2= AGREE 3=UNDECIDED4=DISAGREE 5=STRONGLY DISAGREE____1. I have no fear of giving a speech____2. Certain parts of the body feel very tense and rigid while giving a speech.____3. I feel relaxed while giving a speech.____4. My thoughts become confused and jumbled when I am giving a speech____5. I face the prospect of giving a speech with confidence.____6. While giving a speech, I get so nervous I forget the facts I really know.

•Stomach upset•Flushed skin•Sweating•Shaking•Light-headedness•Rapid heartbeats•Verbal disfluencies (stuttering & vocalized pauses)

•Feeling:•Anxious•Worried•Upset

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS

EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS

COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS•Negative self-talkRoots of Negative Thoughts:1. Biologically based temperament (Introvert vs. Extrovert)

2. Previous experience : Socialization- Modeling: imitating the behaviors of

those who are close to you

- Reinforcement: people’s response3. Level of Skill

THREE PHASES OF SPEAKING ANXIETY1. ANTICIPATION

- anxiety you feel BEFORE giving a speech

2. CONFRONTATION- anxiety you feel as you BEGIN

delivering the speech3. ADAPTATION

- the period when your anxiety level GRADUALLY DECREASES

FIVE GENERAL METHODS TO

ELIMINATE SPEAKING APPREHENSION

1. COMMUNICATION ORIENTATION MOTIVATION

PERFORMANCE

ORIENTATION

COMMUNICATION

ORIENTATION

PUBLIC SPEAKING

A situation where you must impress the audience.

An opportunity you find to be able to talk to a number of people or to a group of people.

AUDIENCE

You focus on them because you think that they are hypercritical judges who will notice minor mistakes.

You are more concerned on your message/speech to be understood than impressing the audience.

2. Visualization•It helps you develop a mental picture of yourself delivering an effective speech.•Goes hand in hand with preparing yourself and your speech•Visualizing yourself delivering a powerful speech tends to lower your apprehension

3. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION• It reduces apprehension by gradually visualizing and engaging in increasingly more frightening speaking events.•THE GOAL: To transfer the calm feelings we attain while visualizing to the actual speaking event.

4. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING•Systematically rebuilding your thoughts about public speaking

Anxiety-arousing negative self-talk

Anxiety-reducing positive self-talk

•This has four steps:1. Identify your negative thoughts /

fear2. Consider if the fears are rational

or not.3. Develop positive coping

statements.4. Incorporate your positive coping statements into your life

4. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

5. PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILLS TRAINING•Systematic teaching of the skills associated with preparing and delivering an effective public speech•The intention must be to reduce public speaking apprehension.

5. Relaxation Exercises•Breathing techniques and progressive muscle relaxation exercises that help reduce anxiety.

1. Abdominal breathing2. Sighing3. Progressive muscle relaxation

exercise.

6 SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES TO ELIMINATE PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION

1. Allow sufficient time to prepare.2. Practice your speech aloud.3. Choose an appropriate time to speak.4. Use positive self-talk.5. Face the audience.6. Focus on your message.

REFERENCESVerderber, R. F., Sellnow, D. D., & Verderber, K. S. (2010). Communicate! Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

Verderber, R. F., Sellnow, D. D., & Verderber, K. S. (2012). The challenge of effective speaking. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

EFFECTIVE SPEECH PLANNING

•It is a strategy you can use to achieve

your goals in terms of public speaking.

What is a speech plan?

•The five general rules for effective public speeches established by Roman philosophers more than 2,000 years ago.

•Commonly attributed to Cicero.

Canons of Rhetoric

1.Invention – convincing content2.Arrangement – clearly organized3.Style – use of appropriate language4.Delivery – speak with confidence,

fluency, and strategic retention aids

5.Memory – sensitivity to the context and improvisational necessities

The 5 Canons of Rhetoric

PROCESS FOR SPEECH PLANNING

STEP 1: Selecting speech goalSTEP 2: Understanding the audienceSTEP 3: Gathering informationSTEP 4: Organizing ideasSTEP 5: Choosing presentational aidsSTEP 6: Practicing aloud

•What is a speech goal?

•Speech goal is a specific statement of what you want your listeners to know, believe or do.

•What is rhetorical situation?

•Rhetorical situation is the combination of the occasion, speaker and the audience that influences the speech given.

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•To have an appropriate speech goal, consider yourself as the speaker and the audience; then, try to consider the occasion where you will deliver your speech.

•Begin by selecting a topic that you know something about and that interests you or important to you.

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•How to select a topic? You can identify your topic by listing things that you know and that interest you. You can also classify your topics by identifying your subjects first. You can consider your major and career interests, hobbies and activities, and issues and concerns.

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•Know your audience by conducting an audience analysis.

•The analysis should be based on people’s age, gender, culture, educational level, occupation, income level, and group affiliation.

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•FAQ’s:Who is the audience?What do they need to know about your topic?What do they already know?What is the size of the audience?When and where will the speech be given?What is the time limit for the speech?What are the audience expectations for the speech?

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•After determining your speech topic and considering the occasion and the audience, you can now phrase your speech goal.

•For classroom speeches the general goal is either to inform or to persuade.

•Your speech goal must state exactly what you want your audience to understand, believe, or do.

STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate to the rhetorical situation

•What is audience adaptation?•Audience adaptation is the process of fitting your speech’s information to the needs, interests, and expectations of your listeners.

STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to it

•Always consider your listeners’ needs, interests, ability to understand the content of your speech and their attitude toward you and your topic.

•Provide basic information regarding your topic if you know that your audience does not know much about your topic.

STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to it

• Demonstrate relevance

Adapting the information in your speech so that audience members view it as important to them

STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to it

•The audience will pay attention to your speech if it has a personal impact.

•Effective speakers demonstrate timeliness, proximity, and personal impact.

•Draw from common experiences.

STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to it

•Demonstrate knowledge and expertise.

•Establish credibility/trustworthiness.

•Choose specific and familiar language.

•Be culture sensitive.

STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to it

•Even if you know the topic that you will be talking about, you still need additional information and supporting details for your point.•Do not just focus on what you already know.•Conduct interviews or surveys if needed.

STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use in the speech

•Regardless of the sources of your information, it is important to evaluate the information you gather and select the things that are valid and truthful.

•Make sure every detail you get is relevant to your topic.

•The more you know about your topic, the easier to evaluate the information you get.

STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use in the speech

•When locating sources, consider primary and secondary sources.

•When evaluating sources, consider authority, objectivity, currency, and relevance.

STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use in the speech

•How to begin the process of organizing your speech?• Identify the two to four major ideas you want your audience to remember.•Construct a complete sentence for each major idea.•Combine your speech goal with each major idea into a brief thesis statement with main point preview.

STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline

•Main points must be carefully worded and arranged in an organizational framework.•Two basic organizational frameworks:•Chronological framework: first to last•Topical framework: using headings

STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline

•After outlining the body of the speech, you may start outlining your introduction and conclusion.

•An effective introduction draws audience’s attention to what you are saying.

STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline

•How to get attention with your introduction?•Make a startling statement•Ask a question (rhetorical or direct)•Tell a story•Tell a joke•Supply a personal reference•Recite a quotation•Perform or motivate an action•Create suspense

STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline

•For conclusion, you can have clincher: one-/two-sentence statement in a conclusion that provides a sense of closure by delivering important points in a memorable way.•Once finished, review your outline to assure that the parts are relevant to your speech goal.

STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a well-structured outline

•Even if you have a very short speech, if it is possible, use a visual aid.

•Presentational aids can help you clarify, emphasize or dramatize what you say.

•Presentational aids can be visual, audio or audiovisual aids.

•Plan when to use the presentational aids.

STEP 5: Choose, prepare, and use appropriate presentational aids

• In public speaking, practice really makes perfect. WHY?•Because if you don’t practice your speech you run the risk of missing a major opportunity for communicating your ideas effectively. Moreover, during practice sessions, you can work on the appropriateness, accuracy, clarity, and vividness of your wording.

STEP 6: Practice oral language and delivery style

•Speech effectiveness does not just depend on the words you say or your speech; it also depends on how you use your voice and body in delivering your speech.•Practicing your speech aloud contributes to your confidence.•Do NOT memorize your speech.

STEP 6: Practice oral language and delivery style