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Completed for edtech 513 (Spring 09). The PowerPoint focuses on the research-based principles of multimedia and contiguity in engaging learners in active learning in multimedia presentations.
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Multimedia + Contiguity Principles
Understanding how to properly place and use text and static images in
multimedia presentations to promote active learning
Learning Objectives
After watching this slideshow, the learner will be able to:
1. Identify the definitions of both the multimedia and contiguity principles with 100% accuracy
2. Select—between two images—the graphic that properly uses both the multimedia and contiguity principles with 100% accuracy
The Multimedia Principle
• Simply put, the Multimedia Principle affirms that…
“People learn more deeply from words and graphics than from words alone.” (Clark & Mayer, 2008)
• The table below shows the six different graphic types that can be used in multimedia presentations
The Multimedia Principle: Graphics
Graphic Type Definition Example
1. Decorative Added for aesthetic value Clip art that is unrelated to the content
2. Representational Illustrates an object in the content
Screen capture of software page/application
3. Organizational Show qualitative relationships
Concept map
4. Relational Show quantitative relationships
Graph or pie chart
5. Transformational Show changes over time Screencast of how to use a software program
6. Interpretive Make otherwise intangible items “tangible”
Drawing of neurons firing in brain
The Contiguity Principle
• Simply put, the Contiguity Principle affirms that:
In multimedia presentations, printed words should be placed near the correlating graphic(s) in order to createa connection to the learner (Clark & Mayer, 2008)
The Contiguity Principle: Two Parts
Contiguity Principle One• Place printed words near
graphic(s)– Learners engage in active
learning by making connections to words and graphics (remember the Multimedia Principle)
Contiguity Principle Two• Synchronize spoken words
with graphic(s)– Learners engage in active
learning when narration is aligned with the correlating graphic(s)
Narrator: “This is a yellow star…”
Multimedia/Contiguity: A Review
The Multimedia Principle• Research shows that people
learn better when both words and graphics are used in multimedia lessons, rather than just words alone
The Contiguity Principle• Research shows that people
learn better when both printed and spoken words are aligned in close proximity with the graphics they represent
Self Assessment One1. Identify the learning principles described by the
definitions below. See the next slide for feedback.
Which principle affirms that printed and spoken words should be placed near the graphic(s) they describe?
Which principle affirms that people learn better from both words and graphics rather from words alone?
Multimedia Contiguity
Multimedia Contiguity
Self Assessment One: Feedback1. Identify the learning principles described by the
definitions below. See the next slide for feedback.
Which principle affirms that printed and spoken words should be placed near the graphic(s) they describe?
Which principle affirms that people learn better from both words and graphics rather from words alone?
Multimedia Contiguity
Multimedia Contiguity
Self Assessment Two
2. Which image (A or B) correctly uses the Multimedia and Contiguity Principles?
See next slide for feedback
Self Assessment Two: Feedback
2. Which image (A or B) correctly uses the Multimedia and Contiguity Principles?
Notice that not only doesimage B use words and agraphic, but it places themtogether and uses an arrowto solidify the relationship
Resources
• e-Learning and the Science of Instruction (Clark & Mayer, 2008)
• www.noggin.com (Moose A. Moose image)
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