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- Metallurgy: Mining Introduction History Types of mining
Activities before mining REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E. YR &
SEC. : 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
- Introduction of Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable
minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from
an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Any material that cannot be grown
through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a
laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense
comprises extraction of any nonrenewable resource.
- Materials Recovered in Mining Base Metals Figure 1. Gold
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 2. Copper
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 3. Coal
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 4. Rock Salt
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 5. potash
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 6. Diamonds
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 8. Iron
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 9. Silver
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 10. Uranium
- Materials Recovered in Mining Figure 11. Limestone
- History of Mining
- History of Mining Mining of stone and metals began in
prehistoric times. Since the beginning of civilization, people have
used stone, ceramics to make early tools and weapons.
- History of Mining Stone Age Old Stone Age man used tools of
wood, stone, horn, or bone to dig flint from softer chalk and
limestone.
- Figure 12. Stone Age
- Figure 13. Stone Age tools
- History of Mining Bronze Age It is known that bronze age man
valued copper and bronze as both artistic and practical objects.
The ore was gained by using only simple stone and bone tools. It is
thought that initially raw metallic copper found on the surface
would have attracted the ancients to the uses of copper. Before
long they would have started to scratch away at the surface close
to these raw metal findings with simple tools made of bone. However
later Bronze age man started to recover the ore from shallow open
pits called bell pits.
- Figure 14. Bronze Age
- Figure 15. Bronze Age tools
- History of Mining Iron Age Iron age generally is considering to
have started about 1200 B.C. Existing iron ore deposits were not
exploited in ancient Egypt until the Late Period, but the metal was
occasionally found in its meteoric form and put to use as early as
the 4th millennium BCE.
- Figure 16. Iron Age
- History of Mining Iron Age The smelting of iron was by the
process known as the 'Bloomery' method. Bellows were used to fan
the flames and the end product was a malleable ball of impure iron
which could be hammered to shape.
- Figure 17. Bellows
- Figure 18. Iron age tools
- Types of Mining
- Types of Mining Surface Mining Underground Mining Ocean
Mining
- Surface Mining Figure 19. Surface Mining is a type of mining in
which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed.
- Surface Mining Types of Surface Mining Open-pit bench mining
Strip mining Quarry mining Alluvial mining
- Surface Mining Open-pit bench mining Open-pit mining involves
excavation which looks like a terrace. Open-pit mining is sometimes
called open-cut mining since the overburden is not returned to the
pit and an open cut remains after mining is completed.
- Figure 20. Example of Open-pit bench mining
- Figure 21. The worlds biggest open pit mine can be found near
Hibbing, Minnesota.
- Figure 22. Bingham Canyon Mine, located near Salt Lake City, is
the world's deepest man-made open pit excavation.
- Surface Mining Strip Mining Is the process of mining a seam of
minerals by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock
(overburden). Commonly used to mine coal or tar sand.
- Figure 23. Example of Strip mining
- Surface Mining Strip Mining Two forms of Strip Mining: 1. Area
Stripping 2. Contour Stripping
- Surface Mining Strip Mining Area Stripping is used of fairly
terrain, to extract deposits over a large area.
- Figure 24. Example of Area strip mining
- Surface Mining Strip Mining Contour Stripping When a coal
system is located along a steep hillside and only one cut into the
hill can be economically made.
- Figure 25. Example of Contour strip mining
- Surface Mining Quarrying Mining Is a big man-made hole in the
ground from where minerals or rock are taken out. Quarries are
normally dug deeper and bigger. When they are later be used to
backfill the mined area, frequently utilized as landfill sites for
the disposal of waste
- Figure 25. Example of Quarry mining
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Concentrations in streambed or
river diamond by removing the overlying barren ground and digging
up the bearing ground. Extracts bed sand and gravel.
- Figure 26. Example of Alluvial mining
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Alluvial Mining methods: 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. Panning Rocker Long Tom Sluicing Hydraulicking
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Panning The simplest technique
to extract gold from placer ore Mined ore is placed in a large
metal or plastic pan. During panning, mercury is added to the fine
mixture of gold and sand
- Figure 27. Panning
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Rocker A cradle-like piece of
equipment that could because used like a cradle to sift sands
through screens. A primary tool used to separate gold from pay
dirt.
- Figure 28. Rocker
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Long Tom Has a greater capacity
than a rocker and does not require the labor of rocking. It was
mainly made of wood, with a metal bottom.
- Figure 29. Long Tom
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Sluicing defined as an
artificial channel through which flows controlled amounts of
water.
- Figure 30. Sluicing
- Surface Mining Alluvial Mining Hydraulicking a form of mining
that employs water under pressure to dislodge rock material often
applied water under very high pressure
- Figure 31. Hydraulicking
- Underground Mining Figure 32 . Underground Mining Underground
mining can be chosen for any type of land surface and for any type
of deposit too deep for surface methods. are used when the mineral
deposit lies deep beneath the surface of the earth.
- Underground Mining Underground Requirements Low-ventilation
demand- quantity passageways for air are rather rigidly fixed and
geometry of Compactness- Space is a premium, especially height.
Easy Visibility- Most operating areas are lighted only by
individual cap-mounted or hand-held lamps Hand portability- Units
or components must frequently be hand-carried into an operating
area Absence of spark and flame- Equipment is used in or near
explosives, timber supports and combustible gas or dust.
- Underground Mining Underground Mining methods: Long wall mining
Open Stopes/ Room and Pillar Sublevel Stoping Shrinkage Stoping
Cut-and-Fill Stoping Square Set-and- Fill Stoping Sublevel Caving
Block Caving Solution Mining Continuous Mining Nuclear
Blasting
- Underground Mining Long-wall Mining is a form of underground
coal mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single
slice
- Figure 33. Long-wall Mining
- Video of Long-wall mining
- Underground Mining Open stopes/ Room and Pillar A mining system
in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane
while leaving "pillars" of untouched material to support the roof
overburden leaving open areas or "rooms" underground.
- Figure 34. Room and Pillar
- Video of Room and Pillar
- Underground Mining Sublevel Stoping is a method of underground
mining method that involves vertical mining in a large, open stope
that has been created inside an ore vein.
- Figure 35. Sublevel Stoping
- Video of Sublevel Stoping
- Underground Mining Shrinkage Stoping In shrinkage stoping,the
mining proceeds upward between levels in steeply dipping ore
bodies, and most of the broken ore is left in the stope until
mining is completed.
- Figure 36. Shrinkage Stoping
- Underground Mining Cut-and-Fill Stoping is a method of
underground mining used in vertical stopes and in mining high-grade
irregular ore bodies.
- Figure 37. Cut-and-Fill Stoping
- Video of Cut-and-FillStoping
- Underground Mining Square Set-and-Fill Stoping A form of
stoping used in hardrock mining that uses systematic or random
timbering placed between the foot and hanging wall of the
vein.
- Figure 38. Square Set-and-Fill Stoping
- Underground Mining Sublevel Caving Is underhand method for
mining thick, steeply dipping deposits. Starting at one end of the
uppermost sublevel.
- Figure 39. Sublevel Caving
- Video of Sublevel Caving
- Underground Mining Block Caving Block caving is method for mine
large massive, structurally weak deposits at high production
rates
- Figure 40. Block Caving
- Video of Block Caving
- Underground Mining Solution Mining Solution mining is a method
in which water, acid, or alkali dissolves minerals in an ore
deposit and then is treated for recovery.
- Figure 41. Solution Mining
- Video of Solution Mining
- Underground Mining Continuos Mining Continuos mining is a
system based on the machinery used in fragmenting ore rather than
on the method of ground support.
- Figure 42. Continuos Mining
- Video of Continuos Mining
- Underground Mining Nuclear Blasting Mining Nuclear explosives
have the capability of fracturing and breaking large volumes of
rock at low cost, which makes them of interest for potential use in
mining.
- Figure 43. Nuclear Blasting Mining
- Video of Nuclear Blast Mining
- Ocean Mining are used when the mineral deposit occurs in sea
water, ocean floor, and those that occur in rock formations beneath
the ocean floor. Figure 44. Ocean Mining
- Ocean Mining Types of Ocean Mining Seawater Mining Ocean floor
Mining
- Ocean Mining Seawater Mining Seawater mining contains the
dissolved salts of many different elements in various proportions.
Ordinary salt (NaCl) is recovered from the sea water by solar
evaporation. In this process, sea water is led by canals to wide,
shallow ponds on shore. The canals then are closed and the action
of the sand and wind begins the evaporation process.
- Figure 45. Seawater Mining
- Ocean Mining Ocean floor Mining It has been known since the
1950s that manganese nodules are scattered across the deep ocean
floors.
- Figure 46. Ocean floor Mining
- Activities Before Mining
- Activities Before Mining Traditional Prospecting Modern
Prospecting
- Activities Before Mining What is Prospecting ? The process of
looking for mineral deposits.
- Activities Before Mining Traditional Prospecting The old-time
prospector used a burro or mule to carry his camping supplies, pick
and shovel a pan for washing stream gravels, two or three pieces of
drill steel and a sledgehammer to drive them and perhaps a keg of
blasting powder.
- Figure 47. Burro or Mule
- Activities Before Mining Modern Prospecting The modern
prospector is a member of a team of highly trained specialists who
use sophisticated equipment in a planned, systematic search. The
team generally include experts in geology, geophysics,
geochemistry, computer techniques, drilling, mineral economics,
metallurgy, and related fields.
- Figure 48. Trained Specialist