Micromolecules and Macromolecules

MACROMOLECULESAND

MICROMOLECULES

A biomolecule is any molecule that is present in living organisms, they are divided into macro molecules and micro molecules as follows:-

MACROMOLECULES M > 1000 EXAMPLES1. Polysaccharides2. Nucleic acids3. Proteins

MICROMOLECULES M < 1000 EXAMPLES1. Amino acids2. Sugars3. Nucleotides4. Lipids

MACROMOLECULES

There are two kinds of Polysaccharides:

1. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES CELLULOSE , STARCH 2. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES CHITIN

POLYSACCHARIDES

NUCLEIC ACID

Function- transmits and stores genetic information Composed of C, H, O, N & P (Phosphorous) Two types1. DNA 2. RNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains the sugar deoxyribose Double stranded

Ribonucleic acid Contains the sugar ribose Single stranded

PROTIENS Polymers of amino acids Organic compound made up of : Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen and

Nitrogen Proteins are essential to living things: Proteins are needed to build & maintain cells, digest food, growth, insulin, antibodies for immunity, transmit heredity, movement. Examples of Proteins: ◊ Haemoglobin – carries O2 ◊ Actin – muscle

contraction ◊ Saliva (Enzyme) – breakdown Carbohydrates. ◊ Lactase (Enzyme) – digest lactose sugar

Four Levels of Protein Structure1. The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino

acids2. Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and

folds in the polypeptide chain3. Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side

chains (R groups)4. Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple

polypeptide chains Animation

MICRO MOLECULES

There are 20 different amino acids that are incorporated into proteins. All amino acids have an Amino Group (NH2), a Carboxyl group

(COOH), and an R-Group (unique side chain that distinguishes that amino acid).

Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s three-dimensional structure. A protein’s structure determines its function.

AMINO ACIDS

SUGARS Monosaccharides : simplest sugars, which cannot be hydrolysed

further into smaller sugars Composed of 3-7 C atoms 1. Triose (3C) (Glyceraldehyde)2. Tetrose (4C) (Erythrose)3. Pentose (5C) (Ribose)4. Hexose (6C) (Glucose)5. Heptose (7C) (Sedoheptulose) Oligosaccharides : when 2/ few monosaccharides are combined by

glycosidic bonds.They are named as:1. Disaccharides (2) : Sucrose2. Trisaccharides (3) : Arabinose3. Tetrasaccharides (4) :Stachyose4. Pentasaccharides (5) : Verbascose

NUCLEOTIDES

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.

Nitrogenous base attached to pentose sugar – adenosine, guanosine , thymidine, cytidine & uridine.

LIPIDS Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (examples) Are made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Are not soluble in water (they are nonpolar) Hydrogen : oxygen ratio is greater than 2:1 Functions of Lipids1. Used to store energy2. Important part of biological membranes There are two type:1. Saturated Lipids : Solid fats, animals2. Unsaturated Lipids: Oils, plants Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four

fused rings . Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes . Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

http://www.slideshare.net/taylorchinesescience/biomolecules-macromolecules?related=2

http://www.slideshare.net/shahinaakther/biomolecules-15327938?related=3

References

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