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Uttarakhand, India
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Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Jammu, Jammu, India
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Gonabad, Gonabad-Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. M. R. JayapalDepartment of Chemistry, Narasaraopeta
Engineering College Narasaraopeta, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. Kaman SinghDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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India
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Managing Director
1. Micellization Investigations of Meristyl Alcohol Based Bis-Sulfosuccinate Gemini Surfactant with Anionic and Nonionic Conventional Surfactants Vinayika Singh, Rashmi Tyagi 1
2. Physico-Chemical Study of Rani Pond Water in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India Omprakash Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Singh, Manoj Kumar Solanki, Sateesh Kumar Mishra 9
3. Guar Gum and Its Graft Copolymers: An OverviewSandeep Rai, Nilesh Singh, Akshita Rai 15
4. Chitosan: Chemistry, Applications & Economics of Production - A Review
Sandeep Rai, K. Satish Kumar, Jinkal Mistry, Nilesh Singh, Akshita Rai GRP Limited, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India 23
5. Generating Fuel from Plastic: Recent Report
Amit Agnihotri 35
Contents
IJAAC (2016) 1–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Micellization Investigations of Meristyl Alcohol Based Bis-
Sulfosuccinate Gemini Surfactant with Anionic and Nonionic
Conventional Surfactants
Vinayika Singh*, Rashmi Tyagi Department of Chemistry, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Micellization studies have been carried out to investigate the mean aggregation number of
aqueous solution of newly synthesized bis-sulfosuccinate gemini surfactant based on meristyl
alcohol (BSGSMA1,4) using flexible spacer as methylene chain (CH2)4. The methylene chain
was introduced via α,ω-dibromo butane in the reaction. The present study explored the effect
of prepared gemini toward the two well recognized conventional surfactants, i.e., sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X 100 in mixed micelles of binary systems. The
measurements were carried out with the help of steady state fluorescence technique. From
the study, it was observed that the value of N for pure BSGSMA1,4 (3*CMC) was enhanced
from N = 14 to 32 for mixed BSGSMA1,4 + SDS (3*CMC) system and suppressed (N = 12) for
mixed BSGSMA1,4 + Triton X 100 (3*CMC). As concentrations of SDS (5*CMC) and Triton
X 100 (40*CMC) were increased in mixed systems, the value N was also enhanced for both
systems and found to be 57 and 33, respectively. The results revealed the more favorable
micellization behavior of gemini BSGSMA1,4 toward the SDS as compared to Triton X 100
and also exhibited the good synergism behavior of prepared gemini with conventional
anionic surfactant (SDS) even at a lower concentration, i.e., 3*CMC.
Keywords: aggregation number, anionic bis-sulfosuccinate gemini surfactant, mixed systems
INTRODUCTION
Gemini surfactants are the amphiphilic
molecules which have two hydrophilic
head groups and two hydrophobic tail
groups separated by a covalently attached
spacer. On the other hand, conventional
surfactants represented by a single
hydrophobic tail connected to an ionic or
polar head group. Gemini surfactants
exhibited good surface active properties
like excellent surface activity, good water
solubility, low CMC value, better foaming
as compared to conventional surfactants.
Therefore, researchers always attract
toward the studies of gemini surfactants.[1]
Sulfosuccinate surfactants are known as
industrial consumable surfactants and used
in numerous fields such as cosmetics,
textile, polymers, paints and coating,
leather, printing, and agriculture.[2]
The
huge applications of these surfactants are
mainly due to their admirable performance
properties such as foaming, emulsifying,
solubilizing properties, and excellent
surface active properties viz. low critical
micelle concentration, high effectiveness
in reducing surface tension, and
biodegradability.[3]
Many researchers
investigated the mixed surfactant study[4,5]
of anionic gemini surfactants with some
conventional surfactants. Fluorescence
technique is widely used to determine the
IJAAC (2016) 9–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Physico-Chemical Study of Rani Pond Water in Winter Season-
2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India
Omprakash Gupta1, Dinesh Kumar Singh
2, Manoj Kumar Solanki
3*, Sateesh Kumar Mishra
4
1Department of Chemistry, Govt. Science College, Rewa, M.P., India
2Department of Geology, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, M.P., India
3Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, M.P., India
4Department of Chemistry, G.K. Memorial College of Pharmacy, Chakghat, M.P., India
Abstract
This paper presents to physico-chemical study of Rani pond water in winter season-2015 of
Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh, India. We are analysed to change in physical and chemical
properties of Rani pond water due to season. The variable data of samples are within
prescribed limits as suggested by World Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Standard (ISI)
and BIS desirable limit for drinking water for drinking purpose. Seasonal variation in
physical and chemical parameters like temperature, turbidity, colour, odour, test, pH, total
hardness, calcium (Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg+2
), total alkalinity, chloride (Cl), TDS, sulphate
(SO42
), etc. were data study for a period of year 2015 (winter). Some parameters were found
in some limits.
Keywords: Madhya Pradesh India, physico-chemical study of pond water, seasonal analysis
of pond water Rewa, study of pond water
INTRODUCTION
All life on earth depends on water, fresh
water is a critical, finite, vulnerable,
renewable natural resource on the earth
and plays as important role in our living
environment without it life is impossible.
India is endowed with rich water
resources. Ponds water has a more
constant chemical composition and some
types of impurities dissolved in pond
water. Pond water are polluted due to
impurities and different types of pollutants
dissolved in water. The Rewa district pond
water quality evaluated on the basis of
dissolved some minerals, salts, impurities,
etc. In this paper, results of the study of
river waters for temperature, turbidity,
colour, odour, test, pH, total hardness,
calcium (Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg+2
), total
alkalinity, chloride (Cl), TDS, sulphate
(SO42
), etc. In this study, analysis of
River water for a year of 2015 (winter)
Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India. Rani pond
water samples are indicated by sample 1
and sample 2 in Table 1 given below.[1,2]
MATERIAL AND METHODS The pond water sample were collected
during the winter season of year 2015 in
the month of October from Rewa city,
Madhya Pradesh. Material requirement for
sampling and analysis of water of Itinerary
for the trip, personnel and sample transport
arrangement, area map, site location map,
icebox, weighted bottle sampler, D.O.
sample, D.O.D. bottles, sample containers
(including bacteriological sample
containers), heavy metals, D.O. fixing and
traction chemical and glassware, tissue
papers, thermometer, field measurement
IJAAC (2016) 15–22 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Guar Gum and Its Graft Copolymers: An Overview
Sandeep Rai1,2*
, Nilesh Singh1, Akshita Rai
3
1GRP Limited, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
2Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
3Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Anand, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Guar gum, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, is being widely used in numerous
applications. Guar gum is modified by graft copolymerization to improve upon properties.
Grafting is an innovative method to produce a new class of semi synthetic polymeric
materials. In grafting, while the original properties of polymer remain intact, some
additional and useful properties are incorporated. Natural polymers are available in huge
quantities on Earth, since billions of years. Guar gum is a versatile natural polymer and is
used as food and medicinal plants. In this review, an attempt is being made to bring the
insights on guar gum and its graft copolymers.
Keywords: Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, graft copolymers, guar gum, % grafting and grafting
efficiency, polymer, polysaccharide
INTRODUCTION
There has been a considerable thrust in the
growth and consumption of
polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose,
alginate, chitosan, guar gum, etc., for
variety of applications in the field of
biomedical and pharmacology. This is
because of their properties like
sustainability, biodegradability and
biosafety.
The primary aim of this review article is
on guar gum (GG) chemistry, its
production and applications.
The review article also highlights few
latest developments of Guar Gum graft
copolymers for different applications. GG
is a naturally occurring non-ionic
polysaccharide of high molecular weight
(approximately 50,000–8,000,000). It is
derived from the guar seed Cyamopsis
tetragonolobus. This plant is grown
mainly in India and Pakistan and is being
used as an edible food item also. It finds
application in various industries as
viscosity builder, stabilizer, emulsifier and
water binder. Guar gum is a non-ionic
branched chain natural polymer.
It consists of straight mannose units joined
by β-D (1→4) linkage having β-D
galactopyranose units to this linear chain
by (1→6) linkages. The ratio of mannose
to galactose units ranges from 1.6:1.0 to
1.8:1.0, possibly because of climatic
variation.[1–3]
In cold water, guar gum forms a viscous,
colloidal dispersion. It is often used as a
viscosity builder and water binder in
different industries like mining, textiles,
paper, petroleum, explosives, etc. (Figure
1)[4]
MANUFACTURE OF GUAR GUM
Guar gum, known as Gum cyamopsis or
guar flour, is derived from the ground
IJAAC (2016) 23–34 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Chitosan: Chemistry, Applications & Economics of Production -
A Review
Sandeep Rai1,2
*, K. Satish Kumar1, Jinkal Mistry
1, Nilesh Singh
2, Akshita Rai
3
1GRP Limited, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
2Shroff S.R Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
3Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Changa, Anand, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural poly-cationic linear polysaccharide derived from chitin and also known
as de-acetylated chitin. It is derived from partial de-acetylation of chitin. Its low solubility in
neutral and alkaline solution limits its application. Chitosan’s chemical modification brings
to it new reactive functional properties for different applications. Because of
biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low allergenicity and biodegradability, it is used in various
applications .This review paper presents the chemistry, literature review of properties,
applications and economics of production of chitosan.
INTRODUCTION
Chitosan is composed of β-(1-4)-linked D-
glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
randomly distributed within the polymer.
Chitosan is cationic in nature, while
majority of polysaccharides are either
neutral or negatively charged in an acidic
environment. This property of chitosan
allows forming electrostatic complexes or
multilayer structures with other negatively
charged natural or synthetic polymers [1].
Chitosan is reported to have various
biological properties, such as antitumor
[2], antimicrobial [3], and antioxidant [4]
activities. The degree of de-acetylation
(Molar fraction of de-acetylated units or %
de-acetylation) and the molecular weight
of chitosan, were found to affect its
biological properties [5]. Chitosan is
widely used for different biological and
biomedical applications such as in water
treatment [6], wound-healing materials [7],
pharmaceutical excipient or drug carrier
[8], obesity treatment [9] and as a scaffold
for tissue engineering [10]. There is
increased interest in pharmaceutical as
well as biomedical applications of chitosan
and its derivatives and significant
development has been achieved.
Fig.1: Chemical structures of cellulose,
chitin, and chitosan [11]
Different Structural Conditions of
Chitosan [12]
1) Flakes: Chitosan flakes are mostly
used for the research studies, since
they are easier to manage than gelled
materials. However, the major limiting
parameter with flaked material is the
size of chitosan particles due to
diffusion restrictions.
2) Gel beads: Gel beads are mainly used
for the preparation of catalyst particles.
IJAAC (2016) 35 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 35
International Journal of Analytical & Applied Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Generating Fuel from Plastic: Recent Report
Amit Agnihotri*
Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Plastics have become a part of our daily
lives rom packaging, to bags and soda
bottles. They are not only unsafe but their
increased accumulation can cause big
effects on our environment.
Plastic products are found almost
everywhere clogging the waterways,
oceans, forests, and other natural habitats
that have animals who mistake harmful
plastic products for food. They constitute
nearly 10 % of daily discarded waste.
The problem is that they break down very
slowly, which means they are piling up in
landfills and serving as the source material
in artificial island creation in our seas.
Due to the use of chemical additives
during plastic production, plastics have
potentially harmful effects that could
prove to be carcinogenic or promote
endocrine disruption. Some of the
additives are used as phthalate plasticizers
and brominated flame retardants.
In a recent research, a new way to degrade
ordinary plastics and create fuel has been
reported.
A team of researchers from the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and University of
California have published in the
journal Science Advances about this new
finding.
Scientists have been looking for new ways
to degrade plastics, especially
polyethylene which is the most common
kind, but until now have not been able to
find a means for doing so that is both
inexpensive and accessible.
However, some success is being achieved
in this area and scientists are looking
forward to improvise it further.
This new method involves mixing the
plastics with an organometallic catalyst
which is made by mixing readily available
molecules that are doped with iridium
metal.
This reaction causes weakening of the
bonds that hold the plastic together,
allowing it to be easily torn apart.
The broken pieces can later be used to
create a diesel-like fuel which could be
used to power vehicles and other motors.
The scientists also claim that burning this
fuel is also cleaner than burning other
combustible materials.
This new method of plastic degradation is
not only easy to perform, but is quite
inexpensive too.
However, there still remains a question if
it is scalable or not. Also, as iridium is too
expensive, it is not feasible to obtain it in
sufficient quantities. The team is looking
for other ways to make this method more
practical and available for commercial use.
In an effort to find alternatives for
degrading plastic materials, we can hope to
have a cleaner environment in future.
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