India's Indepencence

Indian National CongressFounded in 1885

Gandhi with the Gandhi with the LondonLondon

Vegetarian Society, Vegetarian Society, 18901890

Gandhi as a

Lawyer in

South Africa

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

379 dead; over 1200 wounded!

Salt March 1930

Making

Salt

Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

Partition!

Border proble

ms

Border proble

ms

Jawarlal NehruJawarlal Nehru Ally of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister

of India, 1947-1964.

Advocated Industrialization.

Promoted “Green Revolution.”

Nonaligned Movement.

Non-AlignmentNon-AlignmentNon-AlignmentNon-Alignment

private and public ownership. Foreign aid & foreign investment are crucial.

Urban areas have high-tech companies.

75% of the population are farmers living in small villages.

India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology. Goal of self-sufficiency.

India’s EconomyIndia’s Economy

Nehru’s daughter.

Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984.

Continues Nehru’s policies.

Faced corruption charges & internal rebellion.

Assassinated in 1984.

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi

Persecution of the SikhsPersecution of the Sikhs

The Sikh religion originated in 15th century in the Punjab region of India.

(Sikhs goal is the union of one’s soul with God. A Sikh disciplines his thoughts and actions so that the five obstacles — lust, anger, greed, attachment and ego — are dispelled and his soul is united with God. Sikhs believe that the cycle of reincarnation is escaped by this union.)

A Sikh Diaspora: Below: Sikh new year in

Canada

Mrs. Gandhi Mrs. Gandhi assassinated!assassinated!Mrs. Gandhi Mrs. Gandhi assassinated!assassinated!

1984

Indira’s son.Indira’s son. Prime Minister of Prime Minister of

India, 1984-1989.India, 1984-1989. Some reform of Some reform of

economy and economy and government.government.

Assassinated in Assassinated in 1991.1991.

Rajiv Rajiv GandhiGandhiRajiv Rajiv

GandhiGandhi

Italian-born Sonia Italian-born Sonia Maino married Rajiv Maino married Rajiv Gandhi in 1968.Gandhi in 1968.

She moved into She moved into the house of her the house of her mother-in-law, mother-in-law, Prime Minister Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.Indira Gandhi.

A foreigner joins the A foreigner joins the familyfamily

A foreigner joins the A foreigner joins the familyfamily

1983 1983 Indian Indian citizen. citizen.

1984 1984 first first ladylady when her when her husband, husband, Rajiv Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded his succeeded his assassinated assassinated mother as Prime mother as Prime Minister. Minister.

Mrs. Sonia Maino Mrs. Sonia Maino GandhiGandhi

Mrs. Sonia Maino Mrs. Sonia Maino GandhiGandhi

1991 1991 Tragedy struck the Gandhi Tragedy struck the Gandhi family again when Rajiv was killed by family again when Rajiv was killed by a suicide bomber. a suicide bomber.

Sonia Gandhi Sonia Gandhi remained Roman remained Roman Catholic, but Catholic, but follows Hindu & follows Hindu & Indian traditions.Indian traditions.

With her children, With her children, she scattered she scattered Rajiv's ashes in the Rajiv's ashes in the Ganges. Ganges.

After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from After Rajiv's death Sonia shied away from the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start the spotlight. In 1998, she agreed to start her own career as a “Gandhi” again and her own career as a “Gandhi” again and became an important political leader. became an important political leader.

Sonia's son Rahul and daughter Sonia's son Rahul and daughter Priyanka Priyanka have also become politically have also become politically active. active.

2004 2004 Prime Prime Minister. Minister.

He stood next to He stood next to Sonia Gandhi, who Sonia Gandhi, who stunned the country stunned the country when she declined the when she declined the office of Prime office of Prime Minister. Minister.

He was the first Sikh He was the first Sikh to be Prime Minister.to be Prime Minister.

Manmohan Manmohan SinghSingh

Manmohan Manmohan SinghSingh

Overpopulation Overpopulation 1 billion & 1 billion & climbing.climbing.

Economic development.Economic development. Hindu-Muslim tensions.Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues Gender issues dowry killings. dowry killings. Caste bias Caste bias discrimination discrimination against against untouchables untouchables continues.continues.

The Kashmir dispute and nuclear The Kashmir dispute and nuclear

weapons. weapons. Political assassinations.Political assassinations.

Major problems in Major problems in India todayIndia today

Major problems in Major problems in India todayIndia today

Is the dream Is the dream gone?gone?

Is the dream Is the dream gone?gone?

1971 India-Pakistan War1971 India-Pakistan War

Indira Gandhi

with her troops

Indian soldiers near the Pakistan Indian soldiers near the Pakistan borderborder

1998 India and Pakistan

test nuclear weapons

2002 Military Statistics2002 Military Statistics

The India-Pakistan Arms The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late Race Heats Up in the Late

1990s1990s

2002 Nuclear 2002 Nuclear StatisticsStatistics

Pakistani Activists Burn an Indian Pakistani Activists Burn an Indian Flag to Protest India’s 1998 Nuclear Flag to Protest India’s 1998 Nuclear

TestsTests

Hot Air Balloon Protesting India Hot Air Balloon Protesting India & Pakistan’s nuclear testing - & Pakistan’s nuclear testing -

19981998

India Displays Nuclear India Displays Nuclear Missiles During “Republic Missiles During “Republic

Day,” - 2002Day,” - 2002

New Friends?

Musharraf and India's new Prime Minister Manmohan Singh speak by telephone frequently affirming a strong desire for peace and resolution of their disputes, including Kashmir, on which the two countries have fought two of their three wars.

Partners in the “War on Terror?”

Led briefly by Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Prime Minister Ayub Prime Minister Ayub Khan.Khan.

Dangerous combinationDangerous combination Was not prepared Was not prepared

to rule in 1948.to rule in 1948. Strong Islamic Strong Islamic

fundamentalism.fundamentalism. Impoverished.Impoverished.

Pakistan divides in 1972Pakistan divides in 1972 W. Pakistan = PakistanW. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = E. Pakistan =

BangladeshBangladesh

pakistapakistann

pakistapakistann

First Woman Prime First Woman Prime Minister, 1988Minister, 1988 Ousted in 1990, Ousted in 1990,

1993 on 1993 on corruption corruption charges.charges.

Nawaz SharifNawaz Sharif Ousted three Ousted three

times.times. Struggle between Struggle between

modernizers and modernizers and fundamentalists.fundamentalists.

Benazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto

Coup d’etatCoup d’etat.. Secular government against Secular government against Islamic Islamic fundamentalists. fundamentalists. U.S. ally in the “War on U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”Terror.”

Gen. Pervex Gen. Pervex MusharaffMusharaff

Gen. Pervex Gen. Pervex MusharaffMusharaff

Economic development.Economic development. Political instability/militaryPolitical instability/military dictatorship. dictatorship.

Hindu-Muslim tensions.Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues Gender issues honor honor killings.killings.

Terrorism.Terrorism. The Kashmir dispute and The Kashmir dispute and nuclear nuclear weapons. weapons.

Major problems & Major problems & Issues Issues

in Pakistan todayin Pakistan today

Major problems & Major problems & Issues Issues

in Pakistan todayin Pakistan today

India-Pakistan Border DisputesIndia-Pakistan Border Disputes