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Eisenhower Bio
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Dwight D. Eisenhower1953-1961
Eisenhower Bio
• Born in Denison, TX• Moved to Abilene, KS at the
age of 3.• Enrolled at West Point• Officer Training (1st)
• Supreme Commander of D-Day Invasion (1944)• Supreme Commander of
NATO (1949)• President of Columbia
University (1948-1953)
Eisenhower Bio (cont.)
• Health Issues?• Used to smoke 4 packs/day• Crohn’s Disease-1956• Stroke-1957
• Excellent athlete, once tackled Jim Thorpe• Moved 35 times in 35 years!• Spent a lot of time on the golf
course!• Almost ran for President in 1948
for the Democrats
White House Putting Green
The Eisenhower Tree-17th Hole
Ike before the Normandy Invasion
Election of 1952/1956
• Ran against Adlai Stevenson (D, Illinois)• The General vs. the Egghead• Ran on the campaign, “Korea,
Communism, & Corruption”• Promised that if elected he would go
to Korea• Nominated Richard Nixon as VP
Election of 1952
Election of 1956
Foreign Policy- “The New Look”• Focused on Brinkmanship• Authored by Secretary of
State J. Foster Dulles• Push the communists back to
their pre-1945 borders by any means necessary• If they say no, nuke ‘em!!!• Used covert action by the CIA
to interfere w/communist governments abroad
Massive Retaliation
• Massive buildup of Nuclear Weapons• It was cheaper than
building large military forces
• Mutually Assured Destruction• If one country attacks the
other, the other will be destroyed-Nuclear Deterrence
Domino Theory
• April 7, 1954• You knock the first domino
over…the last is sure to fall…
• Worried about SE Asia & Japan
Eisenhower Doctrine
• 1957 Speech• Recommended that the
US would use armed forces to protect the Middle East from the spread of Communism
• How does this compare w/ Truman Doctrine?
1. Korean War (Tie)• “I shall go to Korea.”• Threatened to use
nuclear weapons to end the war• Ceasefire signed in
July 1953
2. Vietnam (Loss)
• Fall of Dien Bien Phu (1954)• US paying 80% of the French
costs of the War• French lose battle to Vietminh• Allies set up Geneva Conference
to split Vietnam @ 17th parallel• North-Communist-Ho Chi Minh• South-Nationalist-Ngo Dinh Diem
• “Laos is the cork in the bottle to contain communism”
3. Cuba (Loss)
• Turns communist in 1959• Revolution led by Dr. Fidel
Castro (Overthrows the Batista Government)• Castro needs help from
someone to consolidate power• Turns to USSR (90 miles from
Florida)• US no longer trades w/ Cuba
(Sugar)• No more Tourism (Las Vegas)
Dealings w/USSR
• Nikita Khruschev• New USSR Leader• Stalin dies in 1953
• Comes to the US in 1960• Visits 3 Places• Washington D.C.• Disneyland (CA)• Pittsburgh, PA
• What was his favorite destination and why?
4. Iran (Win)
• Began in 1953• Iranian leader-Mohammed
Mossadeq• Iran wanted to nationalize
its oil fields• Operation AJAX-remove
Mossadeq from power and install Shah Reza Pahlavi• Tried to teach Pro-Western
values…
5. Guatemala (Win)
• July 1954• Second instance of CIA
involvment• Overthrew the Arbenz
government
• Why?• Chiquita Bananas?• United Fruit Company had
land taken away
6. Warsaw Pact (Loss)
• Formed in 1955• Defensive
Alliance between USSR and Eastern Europe• Just like NATO…• Because W.
Germany joined NATO
7. Open Skies Initiative (Win)
• 1955• Proposed Treaty
between US & USSR that would allow each country to fly over the other.
• Problem-USSR didn’t have an air force
8. Suez Crisis (Tie)• In 1956, Egyptian
President Gamal Abdul Nasser needed $$ to build the Aswan High Dam• Israel, UK, & France
invade• USSR threatens to help
on Egyptian behalf• US denies sale of oil to
allies• Last time US can use oil as
leverage in the world!
9. USSR Conquest of Hungary (Loss)
• Hungarians revolt against USSR and withdraw from Warsaw Pact (1956)• Hungarians turn to US for
help!!• Truman Doctrine???• No US help, nuclear
sledgehammer is too big!!!
10. Sputnik (Loss)• October 4, 1957• Means “Baby Moon”• First Satellite to orbit
the Earth• Won the Space Race!
• Orbited every 96 minutes• Later versions carried
a dog!
US Response to Sputnik• 1. NASA-Organized a space program for the country• 2. NDEA-National Defense Education Act• US would give billions for educating high-school students in
Math, Science, and Foreign Languages
11. China (Win)• Islands of Quemoy & Matsu (1954)• Truman lifted blockade of 7th fleet• The Belief was to Unleash Chiang into China-invasion from Taiwan
• China starts attacking Quemoy/Matsu w/artillery• What does US do? Threaten w/ nukes!!• China threatens again in 1958 (Shelling)• Again China backs down!
12. U-2 Incident (Loss)
• In 1960 a U-2 spy plane crashes into USSR• Piloted by Francis Gary
Powers
• US denies any knowledge-it’s a weather balloon• Khruschev produces
evidence of plane and pilot at Paris Conference• Ices Relations w/USSR
Highway Act of 1956• As a soldier in 1919, Ike
was asked to go from NY to San Francisco w/ a military convoy• 2 Months to do it!!
• In WWII, the autobahn and its use in defense also peaked his interest.• Today, 47,000 miles of
interstates in the US• Other Uses• National Defense-1/5 miles
must be straight• Evacuation from natural
disasters
US Highway System
Interstate Highway Numbering
• Numbers that are Even go East and West• Ex: I-80, I-70, I-76
• Numbers that are odd go North and South• Ex I-79, I-95
• Interstates that have 3 numbers are special!• An even number in front
of an interstate means it connects in 2 places• Ex: I-279, I-495
• An odd number means that it connects in 1 place (Spur)• Ex: I-579, I-376
Local Highways
I-279 Corridor
I-376 Corridor
Creeping Socialism• Ike pushed “Balancing the
Budget” more than anything.• Only came close 3 times in 8 years.
• America was becoming too liberal
• Too Dependent on others for help!
• Ike cut back on military buildup (10% GDP)• Block any new expansion of
Social Welfare Programs• However, created Dept. of Health,
Education, and Welfare to help those at the bottom of the ladder
Modern Republicanism• In all things that deal
with people, be liberal. In all things that deal with money, be conservative.• It seemed like Ike just
hovered over issues and never used the power of the Presidency!
Operation Wetback (1954)• Increasing numbers of
illegal aliens in the 1950’s• US orders deportation of
1.4 million Mexicans• Most voluntarily went
back to Mexico• Others put on boats or
trucks and taken to Mexican Southern border• Ike’s Popularity
Jonas Salk• Created vaccine for
Polio in 1952• Polio attacks the
nervous system (paralysis)
• Headquartered at University of Pittsburgh• First dose given to 2
million kids aged 6-9
Baby Boom-Birth Rate Chart from 1933-Present
Baby Boom• 76 million kids born
between 1945-1964• 94% of men, 97% of
women got married!
• Oldest Boomers turn 66 this year! • Means that they can
start accepting early Social Security• Today, 28% of the
population!
Civil Rights-Education
Brown vs. the Board of Education
• 1954-Topeka, Kansas• Linda Brown• 8 year old• Has to walk 2 miles in
order to attend a “Black School”• Wants to attend the
“White” School that is ½ mile away
Brown cont.• Brown family takes
decision to court• Overturns Plessy v.
Ferguson (1896)• Things can be “separate if
they are equal”• Decision by Warren Court• Judicial Activism-Supreme
Court will solve social issues if someone else won’t
• Schools should be desegregated “With All Deliberate Speed”
Brown cont.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• 1955-Montgomery, AL• Rosa Parks sits down on a
bus• As the bus fills, she needs to
move to the back of the bus!• She doesn’t-She is arrested
w/$10 fine
Boycott cont.• Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
organizes a boycott• How??• Churches
• King was arrested and held for 2 weeks• Boycott went on for 381
days• In the end, Montgomery
finally allowed bus riders to sit where they wanted & city starts to integrate!
Lynching of Emmitt Till (1955)• Mississippi• Till was vacationing, he
was from Chicago• Whistled at a white
woman• 3 days later, kidnapped,
beaten, shot, thrown in the river.• 4 men arrested, all found
innocent by an all white jury
Little Rock 9 (1957)• 9 Black students want to
attend Little Rock High in Arkansas.• Governor Orval Faubus• Orders National Guard to
prevent the students from entering.
• Ike sends in US army (101st Airborne) to escort and protect the students• 1958-School was
canceled all year• 1959-School was
integrated!!
Civil Rights Act of 1957• This is the first Civil
Rights bill since Reconstruction.• It became a federal
crime to prevent someone from voting.• Not very successful!!• Thurmond’s
Filibuster!
Civil Rights Act of 1960
• Allowed the Federal Govt. to inspect polling places• Became a crime to anyone
obstructing the federal registration process• Longest filibuster in US
history• 125 hours & 31 minutes
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)• 1960-Greensboro, NC• 4 black college
students from NC A&T wanted lunch @ Woolworth’s• They were denied so
they just sat there.• Day 2-27 people just sat• Day 3-300 people sat• Day 4-1000 people sat
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