Harkness2e chap14 ppt

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Chapter 14: Risk of Infectious and Communicable

Diseases

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Chapter Highlights• Infectious versus communicable

disease• Outbreak investigation: person, place,

time• Public health surveillance• Foodborne and waterborne illnesses• Sexually transmitted diseases

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Question

Is the following statement true or false?A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.

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Answer

TrueRationale: A carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.

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Infectious Disease• Presence and replication of an

infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms

• Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host

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Communicable Disease• For a disease to be communicable, or

contagious, there must be a portal of exit from the infected person (or animal), a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a susceptible host.

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Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection

• Agent• Host

• Portals of entry and exit• Incubation period

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• Environment: Reservoir• Transmission

• Airborne• Direct• Indirect• Droplet

Epidemiology of the Infectious Process: The Chain of Infection

(cont.)

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Carrier

A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease

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Colonization

The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue

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Incubation Period

Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease

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Question

Is the following statement true or false?An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable.

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Answer

FalseRationale: An infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable.

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Question

Is the following statement true or false?Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area.

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Answer

FalseRationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected

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Outbreak Investigation• Establishing the existence of an

outbreak• Describing cases by person, place, and

time

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Types of Outbreaks• Endemic—the constant or usual

prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area

• Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected

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Healthcare-Associated Infections

Nurses play an important role in the prevention of healthcare-associated infection and represent the first line of defense for such adverse outcomes.

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Public Health Surveillance

Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness

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Specific Communicable Diseases

Foodborne diseases• Noroviruses• Campylobacter enteritis• Listeria monocytogenes • Nontyphoid Salmonella • Escherichia coli O157:H7

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Waterborne Diseases• Waterborne diseases associated with

drinking/potable water• Waterborne diseases associated with

recreational water

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Question

Is the following statement true or false?The CDC reports indicate that more than one-fourth of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.

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Answer

FalseRationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one-third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Chlamydia• Gonorrhea• Syphilis• Human Papillomavirus• Human Immunodeficiency Virus• Herpes Simplex Virus• Hepatitis B

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Prevention and Control of Specific Infectious Diseases

• Foodborne diseases• Waterborne diseases• Sexually transmitted infections

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CDC• Provides an effective system for STD

prevention to assist community/public health professionals in the design, implementation, and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs