Halides, alcohols

Alkyl HalidesThe General Formula R-X where X is any halogen

Cl, Br or I

Nomenclature: The organic halides can be named most readily as substituents. The substituent names are…fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. 

Examples

1-bromo-2-fluoroethane

4-bromofluorobenzene

a. 4-chloro-1-pentene

b. 5-chloro, 3-methyl, 2-pentene

c. 3-bromocyclooctane

AlcoholsThe General Formula R-OH. The OH is the functional group called HYDROXYL

Nomenclature: The alcohols are names replace in the suffix “ane” by “ol”

The name also can be writing the word alcohol at the end and the name of the radical “yl”

2-propanol Methanol Ethanol2-propyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol(isopropyl alcohol)

CH3 ̶ CH ̶ CH3 CH3 ̶ OH CH3 ̶ CH2 ̶ OH

OH

CH3 ̶ CH2 ̶ OH CH3 ̶ CH ̶ CH3 CH3 ̶Primary Secondaryalcohol alcohol

OH OH

C ̶ CH3

CH3

Examples

Aromatic Compounds

Benzene (which is the name that was given to the aromatic compound C6H6) is probably the most common and industrially important aromatic compound in wide use today. It was discovered in 1825 by Michael Faraday, and its commercial production from coal tar (and, later on, other natural sources) began in earnest about twenty-five years later. The structure of benzene emerged during the 1860s, the result of contributions from several chemists, most famously that of Kekulé

Aromatic Compounds

When there is more than one substituent present on a benzene ring the spatial relationship betwen groups becomes important, which is why the arene substitution patterns ortho (o), meta (m) and para (p) 

o-xylene m-xylene p-xylene

Activity #3 Name the following Compounds Give the two possible names

(numbers and o, m , p)

EthersContain an oxygen between two alkyl

groups. They have the General formula R-O-R',

with R's being the alkyl groups. these compounds are used in dye, perfumes, oils, waxes and industrial use.

CH3–CH2–O–CH3

ethyl methyl ethermethoxyethane

Identify the longest chain or largest ring (R1 or R2 as the parent compound.

Number the parent carbon skeleton to give the carbon connected to the ether Oxygen the lower possible number.

Name the OR substituent group as "alkoxy" = alkyl -ky + oxy. Thus, methoxy is CH3O- ; ethoxy is CH3CH2O- ; propoxy is CH3CH2CH2O- , and so on.

Activity #4 Write the IUPAC name

Dimethyl ether

AldehydesAldehydes In compounds which contain the carbonyl group

C=O at theFor naming replace the suffix ane by

“al”

Methanal Ethanal Propanal Butanal

(Formaldehyde) (Actealdehyde)

KetonesKetones methanalCompounds which contain the carbonyl group

C=O between two hydrocarbon chains.

For naming replace the suffix ane by “one”

Propanone

(Acetone)

AminesAn amine is a derivatives of the molecule

ammonia, NH3, in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by an alkyl substitutent (R group). General Formula R-NH2

Amines are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -amine, like in alcohols. If there are further substituents attached to the nitrogen atom, they are preceded by N-. The amine gets the lowest number.

Primary ethyl amine

Secondary 2-aminopropane

Tertiary trimethylamine

Isopropyl 3-pentyl amine

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE

Name the following a) d)

b) e)

c)

Draw the following

Investigate the General Formula, Functional Group, Chemical properties, Physical Properties and three examples of the following Hydrocarbon Derivates:

AminesAldehydesKetones

Portfolio in your notebook (homework)

Activity #12 Hydrocarbon Derivatives