Guide to referencing

GUIDE TO REFERENCING

Louise Sopher (SP07)

Warwick Sociology Grad

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Every quote comes from a different source, be it a book, a newspaper or a

journal article.

So, when you quote something make a mental note of where it comes from

TASK: IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SOURCE TYPES

WITHOUT EVEN VIEWING THE FULL CONTENT, YOU CAN SEE THE ANSWERS

LEFT: NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

RIGHT:TV PROGRAMME

LEFT: JOURNAL ARTICLE

RIGHT:BOOK

THE HARDER ONES: HOW DO I KNOW THIS IS A JOURNAL ARTICLE?

JOURNAL ARTICLES ALWAYS BELONG TO A JOURNAL

JOURNAL ARTICLES ARE LIKE MAGAZINES

This is the title of an article

It is inside the National Geographicmagazine

You’ll find it by looking up National Geographic June 1985 Vol. 167, No. 6

Where did I get that information from?Here (left and right)

IF I LIKE AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE…AND YOU WANT TO READ IT TOO, I’LL GIVE YOU THE TITLE OF THE

ARTICLE…

• But you won’t just find it with the title.

• You need the magazine title

• You need to know the author(s) of the article

• You need to bear in mind that magazines produce thousands of issues and some of them produce 12 or more issues a year. Some even produce more than one issue a month. So you need to know the year of publication. The month won’t help you that much.

• You need to know the volume number

• And most volumes have an issue number. You need to know that too.

• Page numbers help as well

Only with all of the above information will you be able to find the article and know it is the right one.

IT IS EXACTLY THE SAME FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES

• TASK. On the next slide, see if you can spot the:

- TITLE OF THE ARTICLE

- TITLE OF THE JOURNAL,

- AUTHOR(S)

- PUBLICATION DATE

- VOLUME NUMBER

- ISSUE NUMBER

- PAGE NUMBERS

Title of the article

Title of the journal, Date, Volume, Issue Number, page numbers

Authors

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

The Harvard referencing system sounds complicated, but it’s really quite simple.

We will start with your reference list, or bibliography

Every reference, wherever it’s from, begins with the following:

Author, (Date)

CREATING THE FIRST PART OF A REFERENCE

Putting the author names and date of publication together

THERE ARE MANY JOE’S BUT NOT AS MANY BLOGS (APPARENTLY…)

…So write the author’s surname first:

Blogs

…Then write his first initial like so:

Blogs, J.

If he so happens to give you his middle name, add that initial too:

Blogs, J.P.

ADD THE DATE OF PUBLICATION IN BRACKETS

If Blogs, J.P. wrote a book in 2015, that is very good to know.

Blogs, J. P. (2015)

ADD THE TITLE

It‘s all very well knowing that Blogs, J.P. wrote a book in 2015, but what was it called?

Blogs, J.P. (2015) Finish My Essay

Write it in the exact format above and all is good.

COMPLICATING IT

No matter what you are referencing, the Author (Date) part of your reference always stays the same.

But what happens when you have more than two authors?

The title always comes next, but is it always the same for whatever source you are referencing?

HERE IS WHERE THINGS CAN CHANGE

If you have more than two authors, use the Latin et al to let whoever is reading know that you’re not going to list every author’s name. You’re just going to list the first two, and note down that there are one or more.

Blogs, J.P. & Dave, P. et al (2015) Essaying

HERE’S WHERE THINGS CAN CHANGE (CONTIN’)

The title always comes next, but here’s what’s important:

If your source is a book, the title of the book is written like so:

Blogs, J.P. (2015) Finish Your Essay

If your source is a journal article, the title of the journal article is written like so:

Marks, E.M. & Hunter, M.S (2015) ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?’

REASONS

• This is because the main title is what should be in italics.

• In a book, the main title is the title of the book.

• In a journal article, the title of the journal supersedes the title of the article.

FINISHING THE REFERENCE FOR A JOURNAL ARTICLE

FINISHING THE REFERENCE…1) JOURNAL ARTICLE

So far the reference to your journal article looks like this:

Marks, E.M. & Hunter, M.S (2015) ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?’

Because this is a journal article, there are two titles:

- The title of the article

- The title of the journal

Remember, the main title supersedes any others and gets to be written in italics. So finish your reference like so:

Marks, E.M. & Hunter, M.S (2015) ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?’, British Journal of Pain

So far, you have this:

Marks, E.M. & Hunter, M.S (2015) ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?’, British Journal of Pain

What’s missing?

Just the Volume Number, Issue Number, and page numbers

Have another look at the article to complete the reference

Title of the journal, Date, Volume, Issue Number, page numbers

Authors

REFERENCING A JOURNAL ARTICLE -EXAMPLE

Marks, E.M. & Hunter, M.S (2015) ‘Medically Unexplained Symptoms: an acceptable term?’, British Journal of Pain, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 109-114

*pp stands for page numbers

*In the above image, you can see Vol.9 (2). The number in brackets is the issue number

*You don’t need to write anything else

COMPLETING A REFERENCE FOR A BOOK

REFERENCING A BOOK

FILL IN THE GAPS

Author Surname, Author Initial. (Date of publication) Title of book

ANSWER

Wethey, D. (2013) Decide: Better Ways of Making Decisions

COMPLETE THE REFERENCE

This is a published book, so we need to write down the publishing company & the city of publication. You’ll find all of

that on the copyright page.

Publishing company: Kogan Page Limited

City of publication: London

REFERENCE A BOOK - EXAMPLE

Wethey, D. (2013) Decide: Better Ways of Making Decisions, London: Kogan Page Limited

*Copy this format and you’ll have it right

COMPLICATING THINGS (2)

An edited book

Q. WHEN MIGHT A BOOK REFERENCE BE DIFFERENT?

• A. If it’s an edited book

To know if you are reading an edited book, have a look at the front cover.

REFERENCING AN EDITED BOOK CHANGES SLIGHTLY…

BUT only very slightly.

Simply add (Ed.) after the author’s name(s).

Blaber, A.Y. & Harris, G. (Ed.)

…and then continue with your reference

WARNING WHEN REFERENCING EDITED BOOKS

• Be careful if you want to reference from an edited book.

• Edited books are usually written by many authors. Individual chapters may not have been written by the editor.

EXAMPLE

Let’s say the only chapter you have read, and the only one you want to reference is the first chapter

in this book.

WHO WROTE IT?

You can see here that the chapter was written by Graham Harris.

TIP: If the author’s name isn’t listed under the chapter title, try looking for it on the contents page or on the contributors page.

COMPLETING THE REFERENCE FOR A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

• The reference begins the same way:

• Author, Date.

Harris, G. (2011)

Then, just like writing a reference for a journal article, add the title of the chapter like so:

Harris, G. (2011) ‘General Principles of Assessment’

CONTIN ’

• Now, let everyone know that this is a chapter in someone else’s book:

Harris, G. (2011) ‘General Principles of Assessment’ in Blaber, A.Y. & Harris, G. (Ed.) Assessment Skills for Paramedics

*Don’t worry about the date now as we already know it

CONTIN ’

What’s missing? The place of publication, the publishing company, and the page numbers. We need the page numbers here because we are only referencing a chapter in a book.

Harris, G. (2011) ‘General Principles of Assessment’ in Blaber, A.Y. & Harris, G. (Ed.) Assessment Skills for Paramedics, Berkshire: Open University Press,

pp. 1-13

COMPLETING A REFERENCE FOR A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

REFERENCING A PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

What do you need first?

Author, Date.

Delvin, K. & Smith, R. (2009)

SECOND?

The title of the article

Delvin, K. & Smith, R. (2009) ‘One in six NHS patients ‘misdiagnosed’’

THIRD AND FOURTH?

The title of the newspaper. (Remember, the main title is the one that goes in italics)

Delvin, K. & Smith, R. (2009) ‘One in six NHS patients ‘misdiagnosed’’, The Times

Then you’ll want to add the month of publication, and the page numbers of the article in the newspaper. Think of it like adding the issue number and page numbers.

OR…ONLINE

This article is online, so you could list it in your references as a website. Have a look at the next slide.

COMPLETING A REFERENCE FOR A WEBSITE

REFERENCING A WEBSITE

• This is simple.

1) Find an article on any website.

FOLLOW THE SYSTEMASK WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

1) Author

2) Date

3) Title of the article

4) Website link

5) The date you accessed it

Don’t worry about the title of the website here. It’s strange, I know.

Q. Where do I find the author’s name on a website?

A. If it isn’t written on the same page as the article, you can use the website/organisation name.

East of England Ambulance Service

Q:Where do I find the date of an online article?

A:You can resort to writing n.d. (no date) but before you do, check two or three things. If the date isn’t at the top of the article, is it at the bottom?

IF IT ISN’T THERE…

• Use the copyright date of the website

And if it isn’t there, and it’s not on the About Page of the website, then it’s okay to write n.d. instead of the date.

East of England Ambulance Service, n.d.

WEBSITE REFERENCE - EXAMPLE

Be sure to add the text ‘Available Online’, paste in the website link, and add the date you accessed the website

East of England Ambulance Service. n.d. About Us, Available Online: http://www.eastamb.nhs.uk/about-us/ (Accessed 13/01/16)

LEARNING CHECKS

LEARNING CHECK – IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SOURCE TYPES

TASK: IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SOURCE TYPES

Tip: there are other source types out there, for example unpublished thesis & conference papers, but the ones shown here are the most common types.

Tip (2): Some source types look like websites or reports or articles. Sometimes you have to pick the best fit to get the right format.

LEARNING CHECK – PLACE THE FOLLOWING IN THE CORRECT ORDER

Author Surname,

Author First Initial(s).

(Date of publication)

Title of article,

Place of publication:

Publishing company

WHICH SOURCE TYPE IS THIS FOR?

ANSWER (L TO R)

Author Surname, Author First Initial(s). (Date of publication) Title of article,

Place of publication: Publishing company

A BOOK*YOU DO NOT NEED TO PUT PAGE NUMBERS IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST UNLESS IT IS FOR A: JOURNAL ARTICLE, CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK,

OR A PRINTED NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

LEARNING CHECK 2 – PLACE THE FOLLOWING IN THE CORRECT ORDER

Author Surname,

Author First Initial(s).

(Date of publication)

‘Title of article’,

Issue Number

Volume Number

WHICH SOURCE TYPE IS THIS FOR?

Main title pp.

LEARNING CHECK 2 – PLACE THE FOLLOWING IN THE CORRECT ORDER (R-L)

Author Surname, Author First Initial(s). (Date of publication) ‘Title of article’,

Issue NumberVolume Number

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Main title pp.

LEARNING CHECK 3 – YOU WANT TO REFERENCE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK. WHAT DO YOU

NEED? WHAT ORDER SHOULD IT BE? DRAG THESE TO THE CORRECT SIDES

Author Surname,

Author First Initial(s).

(Date of publication)

‘Title of chapter’, Issue Number

Volume Number

Main titlepp.

NEEDED – IN ORDER NOT NEEDED

Place of publication

Publishing company

(Ed.)

In Author Surname, Author first initial(s).

LEARNING CHECK 3 – YOU WANT TO REFERENCE A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK. WHAT DO YOU

NEED? WHAT ORDER SHOULD IT BE? DRAG THESE TO THE CORRECT SIDES

Author Surname,

Author First Initial(s).

(Date of publication)

‘Title of chapter’,

Issue Number

Volume Number

Main title

pp.

NEEDED – IN ORDER (TOP-BOTTOM) NOT NEEDED

Place of publication

Publishing company

(Ed.)

In Author Surname, Author first initial(s).

NOTES & COMPLETING INLINE REFERENCES

NOTES

• You can use websites such as citethisforme to do you references for you, but watch out. They don’t always reference correctly.

• Always use a referencing guide to check your references at the end.

• When completing your referencing list, make sure it is alphabetical order

• Use something like what is on the next page to help you keep track of your references. There are many tools available that can help you with this.

KEEPING TRACK

Author Date Quote if using Page number(s) Book/Website/other

Joe Blogs 2015 ‘This is a good way to remember where you found your references’

12 Finish Your Essay

INLINE REFERENCES

• Keeping a list like the one on the previous slide makes it easy to write your inline references. Within your text, all you need is the Author’s Surname, the Date, and the Page Numbers in the following format:

(Author Surname, Date: page number)

If you’re not quoting or referencing an idea that appears on a specific page or few pages, you don’t need the page number(s).

EXAMPLES

Examples

Youressayyouressayyouressayyouressayyouessayyouressayyouressay and it has been argued that ‘doing this makes it easier for many paramedics on the road’

(Blogs, 2015: 12)

Or

Youressayyouressayouressay and Blogs (2015) agrees with this point

OTHER EXAMPLES

• If you want to quote something that is over 30 or 40 words in length, write it like this:

Youressayyouressayyouressayyouressay and some authors argue that:

‘This makes it difficult for many paramedics to work on the road. Stressors are common in the job etc etc for 30 words’

(Blogs, 2015: 12-14)

HIGHER STUFF

If you want to shorten a quote so that you can link it in to your own work (but still quote it!), you can do so like this:

Youressayyouressayyouressay, in fact some newspapers have claimed that ‘patients […] feel the need to convey this to their health professionals’ (Blogs, 2015: 14)

You can even add words into a quote so that it makes more sense if you are skipping parts of the quote…but do so carefully!

Youressayouressayyouressay, in fact some newspapers have claimed that ‘patients […] feel the need to convey this to their health professionals [in order to gain] […] reassurance’ (Blogs,

2015: 14)

NOTES

• There are a few other things that you can do with inline referencing. You can find those tips in a good referencing guide.

• Hopefully this one makes the others a little easier to understand.