Greek civilization

Project onGreek civilization

Group members:-

Dhara Desai (02)

Vishal Desai (04)

Kaushal Joshi (10)

Nupur Juneja (11)

Abhishek Patel ( )

Mayur Kapadia (12)

Submitted to:- Ms. Vabhiz Engineer

The LandThe Land

Located in Europe Located in Europe in the Aegean in the Aegean

SeaSea

Brief History of Greece

The first great civilization in Greece and Crete was the Minoan.

It lasted roughly from 2000 BCE until 1400 BCE.

Around 1400 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization supplanted the Minoan, and dominated Greece until about 1100 BCE, when barbarians known as Durians invaded.

EXTEND EARLY BEGINING OF POLIS

Greek Polis Time Line

c. 700c. 700 HomerHomer 750-550 750-550 Age of ColonizationAge of Colonization 490490 Athenians defeat Persians at Athenians defeat Persians at

MarathonMarathon 480480 Xerxes invades GreeceXerxes invades Greece 479479 Spartans defeat Persians at Spartans defeat Persians at

PlateaPlatea 478-477478-477 Formation of Delian LeagueFormation of Delian League 431 431 Start of Peloponnesian WarStart of Peloponnesian War 413413 Athenian defeat at SyracuseAthenian defeat at Syracuse

What is Polis? A city state A community of citizens with distinctive

customs, gods, and was also an object of intense religious-patriotic devotion

the Greeks answer to the perennial conflict between an individual and the community

What are some poleis?Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, Argos,

Delphi. The polis was an independent, self-governing city of between 50,000 and 300,000 people.

Several dozen polises (Greek “poleis”) dotted the Greek countryside

In each polis, politics, religion, and social life were closely intertwined.

Emergence of the Polis,or Greek City-State

Starting around 800 BCE a new civilization, the Hellenic, became dominant in Greece.

The Hellenic civilization was composed of two strands, the Dorian and the Ionian.

This civilization gave rise to a new form of social/political organization: the polis.

Major Polis

Types of Government

Two types of government were used in the Greek Polises.

The Dorians generally had an oligarchic form of government.

The Greek word oligarchy means rule by the few.

The Ionians developed the first democratic form of government.

Democracy means rule by the people.

Sparta and Athens

Generally speaking, the Dorians depended upon agriculture, while the Ionians were seafarers and merchants.

The two primary polises were Sparta and Athens.

Sparta was Dorian, oligarchic, and had an agriculture-based economy.

Athens was Ionian, democratic, and depended on seafaring and trade.

The Great Wars After the Persian Wars, Greece was divided into two

power blocs. One, the Peloponnesian League, was led by Sparta. The other was the Delian League, led by Athens. These power blocs fought a great war, from 431-

404 BCE.

The greatest challenge to Hellenic civilization came from Persia, to the east.

Greece fought two Persian wars, in 490 BCE, and in 481 BCE.

The Greek polises formed an alliance, led by Sparta and Athens.

The Greeks won both wars, ensuring that the roots of western civilization would include Greek thought.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431-404 BC 431-404 BC

During the war, the soldiers of the Peloponnesian League besieged the cities of the Delian League by land.

The Delian League used its navies to supply itself with food, and to harass the home cities of its enemies.

The Spartans and their allies finally defeated Athens and its allies.

Socrates and The Rise ofSocrates and The Rise ofPolitical PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy

One of the greatest contributions of Hellenic Civilization was its origination of political philosophy.

Just before and during the Great War, an Athenian citizen, Socrates, began raising questions such as, “What is justice?”

Socrates asked these questions of his fellow citizens, in public places.

PlatoPlato Socrates’ most famous student was Plato,

who wrote the first great works of political philosophy.

Plato’s most famous work is The Republic, Plato’s books are written as dialogues, or

conversations. These conversations are usually between

a character named Socrates, and other Athenian citizens.

In the Republic, Socrates is portrayed as talking to two young men, Adeimantus and Glaucon.

AristotleAristotle

Plato started a school, called The Academy. His most famous student was Aristotle. Aristotle wrote many works of philosophy, and

made the first systematic effort to collect and organize information on a wide variety of topics.

Aristotle might be considered the first scientist. His works are written as treatises, which are

more systematic, but much drier than dialogues.

One of these is the Politics, the first systematic treatise on politics.

Plato and AristotlePlato and Aristotlefrom School of Athens by from School of Athens by

RaphaelRaphael

GREEK THEATER

The Origins Of DramaThe Origins Of Drama

The dithyrambs celebrating Dionysus soon evolved into dramas.

The story goes: Thespis, a popular writer of Dithyrambs, is said to have invented drama when he asked one “performer” to stand outside the chorus to engage in some “call and response.”

The StageThree Main Portions of Greek Theatre:

Skene – Portion of stage where actors performed (included 1-3 doors in and out)

Orchestra – “Dancing Place” where chorus sang to the audience

Theatron – Seating for audience

Stages

Where and how were the dramas performed?

…In an amphitheatre

…With a chorus who described most of the action.

…With masks

…With all the fighting and movement going on off stage.

….With tragedy first, then comedy later.

Major Greek Dramatists

Aeschylus 524 B.C. Seven Against Thebes

Sophocles 496 B.C. AntigoneOedipus

Euripides 480 B.C. Medea

Dramatist Born Wrote

The Chorus

Because of the dithyrambic origins of

Greek drama, the plays featured Choruses.

The chorus danced and either sung or chanted

their lines.

Functions of the chorus an agent: gives advice, asks, takes part

establishes ethical framework, sets up standard by which action will be judged

ideal spectator - reacts as playwright hopes audience would

sets mood and heightens dramatic effects

adds movement, spectacle, song, and dance

rhythmical function - pauses / paces the action so that the audience can reflect.

The Theatre

ofDionysus

The first plays were performed in the Theatre of Dionysus, built in the shadow of the Acropolis in Athens at the beginning of the 5th century,

These theatres proved to be so popular they soon spread all over Greece.

AmphitheatresPlays were performed out-of-doors.The side of the mountain was scooped out

into a bowl shape, something like our amphitheatres today, and tiers of stone seats in concentric semi-circles were built on the hill.

These theatres often seated as many as 20,000 spectators, with a special first row being reserved for dignitaries.

TheatronTheatron The theatron ("viewing-place") is where the

spectators sat. The theatron was usually part of hillside overlooking the orchestra, and often wrapped around a large portion of the orchestra.

OrchestraOrchestra The orchestra (literally, "dancing space") was normally circular. It was a level space where the chorus would dance, sing, and interact with the actors who were on the stage (called the

Proskenion) in front of the skene. In the center of the orchestra there was often an altar.

SkeneSkene The skene (literally,

"tent") was the building directly in back of the stage, and was usually decorated as a palace, temple, or other building, depending on the needs of the play. It had at least one set of doors, and actors could make entrances and exits through them.

Parados The parodoi ("passageways") are the

paths by which the chorus and some actors (such as those representing messengers or people returning from abroad) made their entrances and exits.

The ActorsThe ActorsAll of the actors were men.

Women were not allowed to participate.

The actors played multiple roles, so a wooden, cork, or linen mask was used to show the change in character or mood.

If playing a female role, the male actor in want of a female appearance wore the prosternida before the chest and the progastrida before the belly

MASKSMASKS

ComediesComedies

TragediesTragedies

CostumesConsisted of standard Greek attireChiton: a sleeveless tunic belted below

the breast the himation: draped around the right

shoulder the chlamys, or short cloak, worn over

the left shoulderelaborately embroidered patterns

Types of Greek Drama

ComedyTragedySatyr

Comedy and tragedy were the most popular types of plays in ancient Greece. Hence, the modern popularity of the comedy and tragedy masks to symbolize theatre.

Structure of a ComedyStructure of a Comedy

Prologue — leading character conceives a "happy idea"

Parados: entrance of the chorus Agon: dramatized debate between

proponent and opponent of the "happy idea"

Satyr PlaysSatyr PlaysThese were short

plays performed between the acts of tragedies. They made fun of the plight of the tragedy's characters.

The satyrs were mythical half-human, half-goat servants of Dionysus.

Important PlaywrightsImportant Playwrights

AeschylusSophoclesEuripidesAristophanesMenander

Ancient Greek Art

Geometric Art

Geometric Krater from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens

ca. 740 B.C.E.Hero and centaur ca. 750-730 B.C.E.bronze

Votive Statuette of a Horse

late 8th Century B.C.E.bronze

Orientalizing Art

Mantiklos Apollo

ca. 700-680 B.C.E.bronze

Corinthian black-figure amphora

ca. 625-600 B.C.E.ceramic

Archaic Art

Kourous

ca. 600 B.C.E.marble

Calf Bearer (Moschophoros)

from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 560 B.C.E.marble

Kroisos

from Anavysos, Greece

ca. 530 B.C.E.marble

Peplos Kore

from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 530 B.C.E.marble48 in. high

Early Classical Art

Kritios Boy

ca. 480 B.C.E.marble

Zeus (or Poseidon)

ca. 460-450 B.C.E.bronze

Myron

ca. 450 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze

original

Polykleitos

ca. 450-440 B.C.E.original

Polykleitos

Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

ca. 450-440 B.C.E.

High Classical Art

Acropolis

Athens, Greece

Iktinos and Kallikrates

Parthenon, Temple of Athena Parthenos

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

447-438 B.C.E.

Phidas

Athena Parthenos (model)

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 438 B.C.E.38 ft. tall

Lapith versus Centaur

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

ca. 447-438marble4 ft. 8 in. high

Caryatids from the South Porch of the Erechtheion Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 421-405 B.C.E. marble

Erechtheion

Acropolis, Athens, Greece

ca. 421-405 B.C.E.

Late Classical Art

Praxiteles

ca. 350-340 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze original

Lysippos

ca. 330 B.C.E.Roman marble copy after a bronze original

Battle of Issus

ca. 310 B.C.E.tessera Mosaic.

Philoxenes of Eretria

Battle of Issus

ca. 310 B.C.E.tessera Mosaic

Polykleitos the Younger Theater

Epidauros, Greece

350 B.C.E.

Choragic Monument of Lysikrates

334 B.C.E.marble

Hellenistic Art

Nike of Samothrace

ca. 190 B.C.E.marble

Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander

ca. 150-125 B.C.E.marble

Aphrodite, Eros and Pan

ca. 100 B.C.E.marble

Sleeping Satyr ca. 230-200 B.C.E.marble Old Market Woman

ca. 150-100 B.C.E.marble

Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes

1st century C.E.marble

Religion & religious beliefs

God & GoddessGod & Goddess

goddess of luv

zeus king of gods

ares god of war

appollo god of purity music guidance

Thank You

PPT design & composed by Kaushal Joshi