Grammer book final

BY: Alfonsina Deane BY: Alfonsina Deane

Table Of Contents 1. Preterite2. Preterite trigger

words3. Car, Gar, Zars4. Spock5. Snake & Snakey6. Cucaracha7. Imperfect8. Imperfect trigger

words9. Imperfect irregulars10. Preterite vs. Imperfect11. Ser vs. Estar 12. Verbs Like Gustar13. Comparititves &

Superlatives14. Transition Words 15. Future

16. Future Irregular17. Future Trigger Words18. Por19. Para20. Conditional + irregulars21. Present Perfect22. Present perfect irregulars23. Past Perfect24. Subjunctive perfect25. tanto y tan26. Impersonal ‘se’27. Saber vs. Conocer28. Los Mandatos

Informal/FormalAffirmativeNegativeIrregular

29. DOP + IOP placement30. Nosotros command31. mono verbs

32. Subjunctive + irregulars33. Trigger phrases

•Impersonal expressions•Expressions of emotion•Conjunctions of time

34. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron, ieron

A definite time in the pastHas a beginning and/or ending

Hablar = habléHablasteHablóHablamosHablaron

1. Preterite Smart-Art

-car, -gar, -zarChanges in the ‘yo’ form-car = -que -gar = -gué-zar = -cé

Tocar = toqueJugar = juguéComenzar = comencé

Change only in the 3rd person

o-u: dormir, morir

e-i: venir, servir, competir, repetir, preferir, sentir,

pedir

Changes only in the 3rd person

e-y: leer, creer

i-y: oir

Andar anduv-

Estar estuv-

Poder pud- Querer quis- Saber sup- Tener tuv- Venir vin-

•Decir dij-•Traer traj-•Conducirconduj-•Producir produj-•Traducir tradujo-

Usamos imperfecto para el pasado muy distante

Indica una acción que contínuaEndings:

-ar Aba Abas Aba Ábamos Aban

•-er/-ir•Ía•Ías•Ía•Íamos•ían

A vecesSometimesSiempre

AlwaysMuchas veces

Often A menuda

OftenFrecuentamente

frequently

IRIbaIbasIbaÍbamosIban

•SER•Era•Eras•Era•Éramos•Eran

•VER•Veía•Veías•Veía•Veíamos•Veían

10. PRETERITE vs. IMPERFECTPreterite:

Foreground/focus eventAcheivementSequential developmentRepeated eventsSpecific time references

Imperfect:Background processDuration, nonachievmentSimultaneous developmentHabitual eventGeneral time reference

11. Ser vs. EstarSoy, eres, es, somos, sonEstoy, estás, está, estamos, estánSer: orgin, identification, characteristics,

telling time and date, time and place of event, with the preposition ‘de’

Estar: location, conditions, opinions“how you feel and where you are always take

the verb estar”

11. Ser vs Estar– to be› SER

D escription O rigin C haracteristics T ime O ccupation R elationship P ossession E vents D ates

- ESTAR•H ealth•E motions•L ocation/ Condition•P resent Condition (hoy)•I•N -ar = ando•G -er = iziendo

12. Verbs Like GustarAbburir, encantar, faltar, facinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer, doler, disgustar, faltar, preocupar, sorprender, apretecer

When gustar is followed by 1 or more verbs in the infinitive, the singular form of gustar is always used

Gustar is often used in the conditionalAdd a personal “a” when addressing people

La casa es grande.La casa es más grande que la otra.La casa es el más grande de todos.

La casa es grande.La casa es menos grande que la otra.La casa es menos grande del mundo.

Irregulars:Bueno MejorMalo PeorViejo MayorJoven Menor

14. Connector WordsAunque = Even thoughTambién = AlsoMientras = WhileA pesar de = In spite ofPero = ButPor lo tanto = ThereforeSin embargo/No obstante = Nevertheless

15. El FuturoInfinitive + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -ánFor all verbs, -ar, -er, or –irHe will run:

CorrerCorrer + ending (á)Correrá

15. FuturoInstead of meaning will.. It can also mean could/would/should

Just use these endings instead:

-ía, - ías, - ía, - íamos, ían

15. Can also be ‘probably’Que hora serà? What time will it be? Serà la una: can be it will be one a clock or it

is probably is one a clock.Llegarà el tren pronto? Si, llegarà pronto.Will the train arrive on time? Yes, it probably

will.

16. Irregular Futuro Infinitive future

stem Decir dir- Hacer har- Poner pondr- Salir saldr- Tener tendr- Valer valdr- Venir vendr- Poder podr- Querer querr- Saber sabr-

Example:DiráHaráPondrá

17. Future Trigger WordsFor the Future:

mañanaEn (tres, quatro…)

(DIAS, SEMANAS, HORAS, ANOS)El proximo

(DIA, SEMANA, HORA, ANO)

18. PORPassing throughAn exchangeGeneral rather than specific locationHow long something lastsAlways goes with numbers and timeThe cause of somethingDoing something in place of or instead of someone

elseA means of transportation

19. PARAFor whom something is doneTo contrast or compareTo express an opinionDestinationThe purpose for which something is

doneTo express ideas of deadline

20. Conditional + Irregulars

21. Present PerfectWhen to use?

21. Present PerfectEndingsEndingsAR AR ADO ADOIR IR IDO IDOER ER IDO IDO

HABER

He Hemoes

Has ---------

Ha Han

22. Present perfect irregularsIrregulars

Abrir- abiertoCubrir-

cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir-

escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muerto

•Poner- puesto•Resolver- resuelto•Romper- roto•Ver- visto•Volver- vuelto•Ir -ido

23. Past Perfectcombine the auxiliary verb "had" combine the auxiliary verb "had"

with the past participlewith the past participleBecause the past perfect is a Because the past perfect is a

compound tense, two verbs are compound tense, two verbs are required: the required: the mainmain verb and the verb and the auxiliaryauxiliary verb. verb.

Había, habíamos, habías, había, habían

24. Subjunctive perfectused when a verb or expression requiring used when a verb or expression requiring

the subjunctive in the main clause is in the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect.the present, future, or present perfect.

The present subjunctive is used when the The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.clause is in the past.

Example: Example: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.Dudo que lo hayas hecho.

25. Tanto y Tantan + adjective (adverb) + como

Example: El subjecto es tan bueno como el otro.

tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + comoExample: Mariana tiene tanto dinero como Diana.

26. Impersonal ‘se’Not specific to one specific person or

genderFor example:

Spanish is spoken here by someone:

Se habla español aquí.How does one say?Cómo se dice?

27. Saber vs. ConocerBoth mean ‘to know’ Saber:

sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabenFacts and information

Conocer:Conozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocen

Person, place, thing, published work

28. Los MandatosChange to the yo formTake the last letter off the end of the

word.If it is an ‘er’ verb, add an a (for usted) or

an (for ustedes)If it is an ‘ar’ verb, add an e (for usted) or

en (for ustedes)Same form for negative and positive, just

add a ‘no’ before the command

28. Formal Commands Example:

› Tener› Tengo› Teng› Tenga› Or Tengan

› Or no Tenga

-Necesitar-Necesito-Necesit-Necesite-or Necesiten-or no necesiten

28. Irregular Formal Commands

Tener tenga(n)Vener venga(n)Dar dé(n)Ir vaya(n)Ser sea(n)Hacer haga(n)Estar esté(n)Sabersepa(n)

28. Los Mandatos-InformalAffirmative:

Conjugate in the ‘tú’ formDrop the ‘s’Add pronoun if necessaryFor example:

BañarBañasBañaOr báñate

16. Informal CommandsAffirmative Irregular

Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Then, add pronoun if necessary

28. Informal CommandsNegative

Negative: Put it in the ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowel Add an ‘s’ Place pronoun before verb For example: › Hablar› Hablo› Hable› hables

28. Informal CommandsIrregular Negativetvdishes: -Tengas

VengasDigas/des

VayasSeas

HagasEstésSepas

29. DOP + IOP placementCommands:Commands:

object pronouns: attached directly object pronouns: attached directly to the end of the verbto the end of the verb Example: Cómalo Example: Cómalo

If both direct and indirect object If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoundirect object pronoun

Example: CómameloExample: Cómamelo

29. Formal Commands with lo or la For affirmative commands, you can add

the lo/la to the end of the verb, but make sure to accent the 3rd to last sylable

For example: › Olvídelo

For negative formal commands, put the pronoun in between the ‘no’ and the verb

For example: › ‘No lo coma’

30. Nosotros Command & 31. MONO Verbs

32. Subjunctive + irregularsAttitudes, uncertain, hypotheticalIrregulars: Tener-tenga, Venir-

venga, Decir- diga Dar- dé, Ir- vaya, Ser- se, Hacer- haga Haber- haya, Estar- este, Saber- sepa

•COMO •COM

33. Trigger Phrases-Impersonal Expressions

33. Expressions of EmotionWhen there is not a change of subject, use the infinitive

Example: Temo llegar tarde.Expressions of Emotions:

Alegarse, esperar, sentir, soprender, temer, es triste, ojalá que

33. Expressions of Emotion, cont.

Main clause: hope, fear, joy, Main clause: hope, fear, joy, pity, and suprisepity, and suprise

Subordinante clause: Use Subordinante clause: Use SubjunctiveSubjunctive

Example: Nos alegramos que Example: Nos alegramos que te gustan las floras.te gustan las floras.

33. Conjunctions of Timetake the indicative when the action in the

subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past.

The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future

Example: Comí hasta que mi abuelo me llamaron.I ate until my grandpa called.

así que, cuando, despues de que, en cuanto, hasta que, luego que, tan pronto como

34. Demonstrative AdjectivesAgrees in number and gender of the noun it is describing

This = este/estaThat = ese/esaThese = estos/estasThose = esos/esasThat over there = aquel/aquellaThose over there = aquellos/aquellasEsto = not feminine or masculine

34. Demonstrative Pronouns

This one = éste/ éstaThese (ones) = éstos/ éstasThat one = ése/ ésaThose (ones) = ésos/ ésasThat one over there = aquél/ aquéllaThose (ones) over there = aquéllos/

aquéllas