Git

Fig. 15-CO, p. 464

Digestive System

Body systemsmaintain

homeostasis

Homeostasis isessential for

survival of cells

CellsCells make upbody systems

Homeostasis

Fig. 15-1, p. 466

Maltose GlucoseGlucose

Table 15-1, pp. 468-469

Nasal passages

Mouth

Salivary glands

Pharynx

Pharngoesophagealsphincter

Trachea

Esophagus

Table 15-1, pp. 468-469

Gastroesophagealsphincter

Liver

Stomach

GallbladderPancreas

Duodenum

Descending colon

Transverse colon

Ascending colon

Jejunum

Cecum

lleum

Appendix

Sigmoid colon

Anus

Rectum

Fig. 15-2, p. 470

Body wall

Peritoneum

Mesentery

Serosa

Submucosa

Duct of largeaccessory digestivegland (i.e., liveror pancreas) emptyinginto digestive tractlumen

Outer longitudinal muscle

Inner circular muscle

Muscularisexterna

Lamina propria

Mucous membrane

Muscularis mucosa

Myenteric plexus

Submucous plexus

Lumen

Mucosa

Fig. 15-3, p. 471

Externalinfluence

Local changes indigestive tract

Receptors in digestive tract

Intrinsicnerve plexuses

Extrinsicautomaticnerves

Gastrointestinalhormones

Smooth muscle(contraction for motility)

Exocrine gland cells(secretion of digestive juices)

Endocrine gland cells(secretion of gastrointestinaland pancreatic hormones)

Self-excitable

= Short reflex

= Long reflex

= Hormonal pathway

Fig. 15-4, p. 473

Cerebral cortex Other inputs

Salivary centerin medulla

Conditionedreflex

Pressure receptorsand chemoreceptorsin mouth

Simple reflex Autonomic nerves

Salivary glands

Salivary secretions

Fig. 15-5a, p. 474

Nasal passages

Hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Trachea

Bolus

Tongue

Glottis at entrance of larynx

Fig. 15-5b, p. 474

Tight apposition of vocal folds acrossglottis prevents food from enteringrespiratory airways (viewed from above)

Swallowing centerinhabits respiratorycenter in brain stem

Elevation of uvulaprevents food fromentering nasal passages

Position of tongueprevents food fromre-entering mouth

Epiglottis is presseddown over closedglottis as auxiliarymechanism to preventfood from enteringairways

Bolus

Fig. 15-6, p. 475

Ringlike peristalticcontraction sweepingdown the esophagus

Fig. 15-7, p. 476

Esophagus Fundus

Smoothmuscle

Oxynticmucosa

AntrumPyloricglandarea

Duodenum

Pyloricsphincter

Stomachfolds

Body

Gastroesophagealsphincter

Fig. 15-8a, p. 477

Esophagus

DuodenumPyloric sphincter

Stomach

Gastroesophagealsphincter

Movementof chyme

Peristalticcontraction

Direction ofmovementof peristalticcontraction

Gastric emptying

Fig. 15-8b, p. 477

Gastric mixing

Peristalticcontraction

Table 15-2, p. 478

Table 15-3, p. 480

Table 15-3 (1), p. 480

Oxynticmucosa

Pyloricglandarea

Stomachlumen

Gastricpit

Mucosa

Submucosa

Table 15-3 (2), p. 480

In oxyntic mucosa

Gastricpit

Gastricgland

Surface epithelial cells

Mucosa cells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Enterochomaffin-like (ECL) cells

In pyloric gland area

G cells

D cells

Fig. 15-9, p. 482

Autocatalysis

Digestion

Protein

Peptide fragments

Gastriclumen

HCI

Pepsinogen Pepsin

Table 15-4, p. 483

Table 15-5, p. 484

Fig. 15-10, p. 484

Mucus coating

Impermeableto HCI

Cells lining gastric mucosa(including those lininggastric pits and glands)Submucosa

Tightjunction

Luminal contents

Fig. 15-11, p. 487

DuodenumBile ductfrom liver

Stomach

Hormones(insulin,glucagon)

Blood

Endocrine portionof pancreas(Islets of Langerhans)

The glandular portions ofthe pancreas are grosslyexaggerated

Duct cellssecrete aqueousNaHCO3 solution

Acinar cellssecrete digestiveenzymes

Exocrine portion of panaceas(Acinar and duct cells)

Fig. 15-12, p. 488

Acid induodenallumen

Fat and proteinproducts induodenal lumen

Secretion releasefrom duodenalmucosa

CCK releasefrom duodenalmucosa

(Secretin carriedby blood)

Pancreatic acinarcells

Secretion of aqueousNaHCO3 solution intoduodenal lumen

Secretion ofpancreatic digestiveenzymes intoduodenal lumen

Pancreatic ductcells

Neutralizes Digests(CCK carriedby blood)

Fig. 15-13, p. 489

Heart

AortaInferiorvena cava

Hepatic veinHepatic artery

Liversinusoids

Liver

Hepatic portal vein

Digestivecapillaries

Digestivetract

Arteries todigestive tract

Fig. 15-14a, p. 490

Branch ofhepaticportalvein

Bileduct

Sinusoids

Branchofhepaticartery

Bile canaliculi

Central vein

Cords ofhepatocytes(liver cells)

Hepaticportal vein

Hepaticartery

Tohepaticduct

Fig. 15-14b, p. 490

Branch ofhepatic artery

Branch ofhepatic portal vein

Connectivetissue

Kupffer cell

Bilecanaliculi

Sinusoids

Central vein

Hepatic plateCords of hepatocytes(liver cells)

Bileduct

Fig. 15-15, p. 490

Bile salts Cholesterol

Liver

Common bile duct

Duodenum

Gallbladder

Sphincter of Oddi

Portalcirculation

Terminal ileum

Colon

Fig. 15-16a, p. 491

Negativity chargedH2O-soluble portion(a carboxyl group atthe end of a glycineor taurine chain)

Lipid-soluble portion(derived from cholesterol)

Small lipid (fat)droplet with bilesalt moleculesabsorbed onits surface

Fig. 15-16b, p. 491

Large fat droplet

Through actionof bile salts

Lipidemulsion

Fig. 15-17, p. 492

Hydrophobic core

Hydrophilic shell

All lipid-soluble

Cholesterol

Bile salt

Water-soluble portion

Lipid-soluble portion

Water-soluble portion

Lipid-soluble portion

Lecithin

Fig. 15-18, p. 493

Fig. 15-19, p. 495

Ascendingcolon

Ileocecal valve

Pushesvalve closedand contractssphincter

Cecum

Gastrin

Ileocecal sphincter

Pushes valve openand relaxes sphincter

Ileum

Appendix

Newmeal

Table 15-6, p. 496

Fig. 15-20ab, p. 497

Circularfold

Villus

(Continue to next slide)

Fig. 15-20cd, p. 497

Epithelial cell

Mucous cell

Central lacteal

Capillaries

Crypt of Lieberkühn

Arteriole

Venule

Lymphatic vessel

Microvilli

Fig. 15-23, p. 500

Lipid emulsion

Micelles

Epithelialcell of villus

Lumen

(Exocytosis)

Central lacteal

Aggregate andcoated withlipoprotien

Short ormediumchain Basement

membrane

Capillary

Lumen

Micellesdiffusion

Micelle

Microvillus

Fatty acids,monoglycerides

Passive absorption

Table 15-7, p. 501

Fig. 15-24, p. 502

Transverse colon

Haustra

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

External anal sphincter(skeletal muscle)

Anal sphincter

Internal anal sphincter(smooth muscle)

Rectum

AppendixCecum

Ileocecal valve

Ascending colon

Taeniae coli

Click to view animation.

Esophageal Phase

Animation

Click to view animation.

Gastric Mixing

Animation

Click to view animation.

Oropharyngeal Stage

Animation

Click to view animation.

Segmentation

Animation