Genatic engeneering

Genetics and Genetics and Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineeringBy:By:Muhammad AsifMuhammad AsifPu pakPu pak

Muhammad Asif Pakistan

termstermsagar- porous gelatin agar- porous gelatin like material used as a like material used as a support matrix for support matrix for living cells in artificial living cells in artificial environments environments

centrifugecentrifugedevice for separating device for separating substances on the substances on the basis of densitybasis of density

clonesclonesorganisms or cells of organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic nearly identical genetic makeup derived from a makeup derived from a single sourcesingle source

complementarycomplementarycontaining structures containing structures that match or bond that match or bond with related structureswith related structures

electrophoresiselectrophoresistechnique used to technique used to separate migrating separate migrating molecules in an molecules in an electrical fieldelectrical field

ExciseExciseto remove a part by a to remove a part by a process similar to process similar to cuttingcutting

ExpressionExpressionthe appearance of a the appearance of a trait directed by a genetrait directed by a gene

Genetic codeGenetic codea series of three a series of three nucleotide bases that nucleotide bases that determine the amino acid determine the amino acid order and the proteins order and the proteins formed in cell formed in cell reproductionreproduction

Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineeringtechnology involved in technology involved in removing, modifying, removing, modifying, or adding genes to a or adding genes to a DNA moleculeDNA molecule

GeneticsGeneticsscience dealing with science dealing with passage of traits from passage of traits from one generation to one generation to anotheranother

HostHosta cell or organism that a cell or organism that harbors another harbors another organism or DNA from organism or DNA from a foreign sourcea foreign source

HybridHybridoffspring or cell offspring or cell originating from originating from parents with differing parents with differing genetic makeupgenetic makeup

LigaseLigaseenzyme used to join enzyme used to join two pieces of DNAtwo pieces of DNA

Molecular weightMolecular weightsum of the atomic sum of the atomic weights of all the weights of all the atoms in a moleculeatoms in a molecule

MutationMutationa heritable change in a heritable change in genetic makeupgenetic makeup

NucleotidesNucleotidesbuilding blocks of building blocks of nucleic acid composed nucleic acid composed of a sugar, a phosphate of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous baseand a nitrogenous base

PlasmidPlasmida small, usually a small, usually circular, piece of DNA circular, piece of DNA that is separate from that is separate from the chromosomal DNAthe chromosomal DNA

PolymerasePolymerasean enzyme that joins an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleotides to make nucleic acidnucleic acid

Recombinant Recombinant DNADNADNA that has been DNA that has been altered by genetic altered by genetic engineeringengineering

Restriction Restriction enzymeenzymerestriction restriction endonucleaseendonuclease

enzyme that cuts DNA enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sitesstrands at specific sites

sequencesequenceorder of nucleotides or order of nucleotides or amino acidsamino acids

templatetemplatea pattern used for a pattern used for developing a developing a complementary complementary structurestructure

traittraita characteristic a characteristic resulting from gene resulting from gene expressionexpression

transformtransformto change the genetic to change the genetic makeup of an makeup of an organism by alteration organism by alteration of the DNAof the DNA

vectorvectoran agent such as a an agent such as a plasmid used to plasmid used to transfer DNA into a transfer DNA into a host cellhost cell

Living materialLiving materialOrganism - unit of Organism - unit of living matter capable living matter capable of independent of independent function and function and reproductionreproduction

Complex Complex OrganismOrganismhigher organismhigher organisman organism with cells, an organism with cells, tissues, and organs arranged tissues, and organs arranged to function as a single unitto function as a single unit

ex. Plants, animals, humansex. Plants, animals, humans

OrganOrganarrangement of tissues arrangement of tissues which provides life support which provides life support function for an organismfunction for an organism

leaf is an organ that leaf is an organ that carries out respiration, carries out respiration, transpiration and ps.transpiration and ps.

TissueTissuearrangement of cells arrangement of cells with similar structures with similar structures in clusters or sheets for in clusters or sheets for specific function in an specific function in an organorgan

CellCellsmallest structural unit smallest structural unit of living matter that is of living matter that is capable of carrying out capable of carrying out basic life processesbasic life processes

Basic Cell Basic Cell structuresstructurescell wall - protective cell wall - protective layer in plants that layer in plants that keeps the cell intactkeeps the cell intact

cell membranecell membranedelicate structure that delicate structure that surrounds the cellsurrounds the cell

chloroplastschloroplastssite of photosynthesis site of photosynthesis in plant cellsin plant cells

contain some DNAcontain some DNA

CytoplasmCytoplasmcell fluid containing all cell fluid containing all cell structurescell structures

NucleusNucleuscontrol center of a cell control center of a cell contains most of the contains most of the DNADNA

ChromosomesChromosomesstructures that are structures that are physical carriers of genesphysical carriers of genes

made p of DNA made p of DNA are located in cell are located in cell nucleusnucleus

MitochondriaMitochondriaenergy producing energy producing structures in the cell structures in the cell cytoplasm cytoplasm

contain some DNAcontain some DNA

PlasmidPlasmidextra chromosomal extra chromosomal piece of DNApiece of DNA

located in the cell located in the cell cytoplasmcytoplasm

RibosomeRibosomesite where new site where new proteins are produced proteins are produced

result of genetic result of genetic expressionexpression

Cell reproductionCell reproductionmitosis - occurs in body mitosis - occurs in body (somatic) cells(somatic) cells

increases by simple divisionincreases by simple divisionchromosomes remain chromosomes remain paired during cell divisionpaired during cell division

meiosismeiosisoccurs in reproductive occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)cells (gametes)

meiosismeiosisincreases by division into increases by division into single chromosomes and single chromosomes and recombination of male recombination of male and female cells to form and female cells to form a new individuala new individual

meiosismeiosisone chromosome from one chromosome from each parent forms the new each parent forms the new pairpair

each organism has a each organism has a specific number of paired specific number of paired chromosomeschromosomes

Genetic Genetic engineeringengineeringtechnology involved in technology involved in removing, modifying, removing, modifying, or adding genes to a or adding genes to a DNA moleculeDNA molecule

Genetic Genetic engineeringengineeringmovement of a gene movement of a gene from one organism to from one organism to anotheranother

Other namesOther namesrecombinant DNA recombinant DNA technologytechnology

recombinant DNA sciencerecombinant DNA sciencegene transfergene transfergene splicing gene gene splicing gene cloningcloning

Naturally Naturally occurringoccurringalternations in the alternations in the genetic makeup of plants genetic makeup of plants and animals allow them and animals allow them to respond to changes in to respond to changes in their environmenttheir environment

Naturally Naturally occurringoccurringsome bacteria and some bacteria and viruses change the viruses change the function of cells by function of cells by inserting their DNA into inserting their DNA into the DNA of the cellthe DNA of the cell

Naturally Naturally occurringoccurringnatural selection natural selection ensures that the ensures that the adapted individual adapted individual leaves offspring for the leaves offspring for the next generationnext generation

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Scientists have Scientists have developed the ability developed the ability to transfer genetic to transfer genetic material from one material from one organism to anotherorganism to another

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Plasmids found in Plasmids found in some organisms can some organisms can be engineered to be engineered to accept DNA from other accept DNA from other sourcessources

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Restriction enzymes are used Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sitesto cut the DNA at specific sites

cut ends of plasmid rings can cut ends of plasmid rings can accept pieces of DNA from accept pieces of DNA from other organismsother organisms

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.The ability to cut and The ability to cut and splice DNA segments is splice DNA segments is providing many providing many opportunities for opportunities for changing the function of changing the function of organismsorganisms

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