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FAULTY RADIOGRAPHS
Melbia Shiny Sobhanam
Good quality radiographs should have:
Image with optimum density & contrast.
Image with minimum distortion. Image with sharp borders &
maximum details.
Various reasons for faulty radiographs
1)Errors in operating the machine.2)Errors in techniques.3)Errors in processing & mounting.
Kvp – speed, penetration power, energy of Xray photons .
mA – amount , intensity of current .
S - time of current flow.
Errors in operating the machine
Lighter radiographs (underexposed/ underdeveloped radiographs).
Exposure time less < KVp underdeveloped
Darker films (overexposed /overdeveloped /high density)
Exposure time >. Higher Kilovoltage peak. (burn out
effect) Over developed.
Errors in technique
Improper manipulation /bending of film .
Phalangioma.
Cone cut/partial image.
Apical ends cut off.
Crown cut off
Region of interest not shown
Tipping/tilting of occlusal plane
Dot artifact
Blurring
Image shape distortion.
Tyre track/herring bone pattern
Double image
Size distortion/less vertical angulation/ elongation
More vertical angulation shortening
Improper horizontal angulation.
Cervical burn out/adumbration:
Ornamental artifact
Foreign body/restorative material
Errors in processing
Exposure of film in day light.
Contaminated film with developer before processing/developer spots.
Contaminated film with fixer before processing/fixer spots.
Film dropped into developer
Film dropped into fixer
Standard dark room principle Developer solution - left Water - middle Fixer solution - right
Film incompletely immersed in developer solution /developer cut off
Dust in developer solution
Film incompletely immersed in fixer solution/fixer cut off
Dust in fixer
Use of expired film
Improper washing of films
Warping of film
Improper position of hanger
Scratches on film
Writing on film
Film fog light fog radiation fog chemical fog deterioration of film
Finger nail artifact - dark cresent shaped
Improper drying
Black streaks
Smuge/finger prints touched by fingers
contaminated by developer/fluoride.
Over lapped films
Air bells
Reticulation/orange peel appearance
Static electricity/grass root/tree like/lightening marks
Frilling hot processing solution
Dark flow marks vigorous agitation.
Crimping artifact remove from film holder.
Errors in OPG1)Ghost image is a radiopaque artifact
produced when radiodense object is penetrated twice.
2)Lead apron artifact cone shaped artifact
Thyroid collar
3)Lips not closed dark radiolucent shadow
that obscuresanterior teeth.
4)Tongue not in contact with palate/palatoglossal air space
5)Frankfort plane upward
R L
6)Frankfort plane downwards
7)Teeth position anterior to focal trough
8)Teeth position posterior to focal trough
9)Midsagittal plane not centered
R L
10)Position of spine/spine shadow ghost
11)Blurring – due to patient movement
R
Bibliography
1)Diagnostic imaging of jaws Langland & Langlais.
2)Oral radiology White & Pharoah .3) Essentials of dental radiology Eric Whaites.4)Manuel of dental & oral radiology john wright. 5)Fundamental of dental radiology Manson &
Hing.6)Radiology for dental professionals Stabulus
Savage.7)Radiogra phic imaging for dental auxillaries
Miles ,Dis & Jensen.
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