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Creating a Dynamic Grammar of Ancient Greek
An on-going research project at the Catholic University of Leuven(Prof. dr. Toon Van Hal, Yannick Anné)
Linguistic background
Functional Linguistics and the limitations of printed grammars
Ancient Greek teaching in Flanders
• Taal- en letterkunde = “Linguistics and Literature”
• Ancient Greek and Latin = two modules, on the same level as modern languages
• ≠ earlier system (cf. Germany’s Altphilologie, Anglo-Saxon Classics etc.)
Model of choice: Functional Linguistics
• Simon Dik, The Theory of Functional Grammar (Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter 1997).
• Functional levels:
1. Pragmatic functions
2. Syntactic functions
3. Semantic functions
Limitations of conventional grammars (1)
Grammar A
Dative [MO]1. Satellites [SY]
1. Cause [SE]
2. Means
3. …
Grammar C
Satellites [SY]1. Cause [SE]
1. Dative [MO]
2. διά + acc.
3. …
Grammar B
Cause [SE]1. Dative [MO]
1. Satellites [SY]
2. διά + acc.
3. …
Most classical languages (receptive, not active)
Limitations of conventional grammars (2)
• Denial of complexity
• Lack of dynamicity
• Bound to a specific level of knowledge
Limitations of conventional grammars (3)
• Solution: DYNAMIC STRUCTURE based upon TAGS
1. Form tags (morphology)
2. Content tags (semantics, pragmatics)
3. Hierarchy tags (syntax, pragmatics)
4. Level tags (study level)
• Navigation through faceted search
• Each tag gets an own page (definition, background)
Macro-structure
ἵνα + subjunctive: Goal as a satellite
ἵνα subjunctive Goal satellite
Micro-structure
The structure of a prototypical paragraph
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Micro-structure: a typical paragraphSuccinct example
Micro-structure: a typical paragraphLevel tag
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Grammatical tags
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Grammatical rule
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Supplementary information
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Supplementary information
Micro-structure: a typical paragraph
Example sentences
Micro-structure: metadata (1: rules)
• Unique identifier
• Bibliography – main sources:o Crespo, E. etc. Sintaxis del griego clásico (2003)o Rijksbaron, A. The syntax and semantics of the verb in
Classical Greek (2006³)o “Traditional” grammars: Smyth, Goodwin…o Etc.
Micro-structure: metadata (2: examples)
• Unique identifiers for:
1. Linking to more than one grammatical rule
2. Usage as exercises (with link to grammatical rule)
• Automatic link to Perseus database
http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg005.perseus-grc1:383a
= Plat. Crat. 383a = Plato, Kratylos 383a
• Possibility for extra links to metadata (e.g. Perseus Catalog; Trismegistos; Wikidata)
Macro-structure
Dynamicity from database to website
Technological background
Filemaker Pro database (also
including morphology)
Importer tool Drupal interface
Technological background: Filemaker
• Relational database:o Allows links between rules, tags, and exampleso Avoids typing mistakeso Allows for exports to Drupal & Word
Technological background: importer (1)Step 1: separate importers for rules, tags, examples, and bibliography
Step 2: matching Filemaker to Drupal fields
Technological background: importer (2)Step 3: importing into the Drupal environment
Step 4: importing the .csv file (converted from .fp7)
Technological background: Drupal
• Drupal taxonomies = our tags
• Custom-made faceted search tool (Hans Coppens)
• Adaptive user interface, optimized for touchscreens
Dynamicity in practice
Demonstration of faceted search
Faceted search (step 1)
4 types of filters:1. Form
2. Content
3. Hierarchy
4. Level
Faceted search (step 2)
Selection of the first tag.
Faceted search (step 3)
Selection of a second, third, fourth etc. tag.
Implementation in classroom learning
Implementation: blended learning
• Blended learning:o Classroom learningo Self-study at home
• 3 aspects:
1. READING grammar (< form & hierarchy tags)
2. LEARNING grammar (< level tags)
3. REFERENCE grammar (< content & hierarchy tags)
Implementation: exercises (1)
• Exercises and assessment:o Not in Drupal, but linked to Toledo/Blackboard platformo Edumatic software (by Televic Education)o Types: drop-down, fill in the gap…
Implementation: exercises (2)
Implementation: exercises (3)
Future prospects
Future prospects
• 2-year project, ending in October 2015
• Availability for information exchange (Creative Commons)
• Adaptations (e.g. a version specifically for history students) are possible thanks to the dynamic structure
Thank you for your attention.
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