Creating Digital Resources using Instructional Design Principles

Creating Digital Resources using Instructional Design

Principles CJ Davison

Nicholas Yates

What are some digital resources that you create

for your classes?

Cognitive Overload

Audio Visual

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Input into our working memory

http://talkvietnam.com/uploads/2012/10/danger-on-wheels-648902-overloaded.jpg

Cognitive Overload

Who has experienced cognitive overload in their personal life? Life as teacher? Life as student?

Multimedia Learning

Mayer (2001)

Multimedia Principles (Clark and Mayer, 2011)

Multimedia Principle

http://static.webshopapp.com/shops/022166/files/007608491/two-is-better-than-one.jpg

Modality Principle

Redundancy Principle

http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/uncyclopedia/images/d/df/Dord.png/revision/latest?cb=20060508193752

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpgCoherence Principle

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpg

Image Principle

Multimedia Principle

http://static.webshopapp.com/shops/022166/files/007608491/two-is-better-than-one.jpg

Multimedia Principle• Static images encourage:

• Visual representations

• mental connections

• Use when instructional

• demonstrations

• definitions

• procedures

• relationships

• Don’t use as decoration!

People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone

http://www.bohodaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/kiyasa.jpg

Multimedia PrincipleExample 1

chess (n)

Flashcards

chess (n)

Flashcards

Multimedia PrincipleExample 2

Food trucks have become popular in the UAE.

Present Perfect Grammar

http://dubaicity.motivate.netdna-cdn.com/dubai/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Salt1.jpg

Multimedia PrincipleUse images to support language development

but not as decoration

Modality Principle

Modality PrincipleAnimationNarration

AnimationOn Screen Text

http://melissaruhl.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Aha.pnghttp://www.butyoudontlooksick.com/tcS3_media/uploads/2011/07/brain-fog.jpg

• Refers to simultaneous delivery

• Reduce overload & strain

• Deeper learning from speech

• Can increase production time of resources

Modality PrinciplePeople learn better from animation and narration than from

animation and on-screen text

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YFYErT0lZvw/hqdefault.jpg

Modality PrincipleExample 1

Modality PrincipleExample 2

Modality PrincipleUse animation and narration simultaneously to

engage both inputs into working memory.

Redundancy Principle

Redundancy PrincipleAnimationNarration

Animation+ Narration

On Screen Text

http://melissaruhl.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Aha.pnghttp://www.butyoudontlooksick.com/tcS3_media/uploads/2011/07/brain-fog.jpg

• Relates to repetitive delivery of same info as text and narration

• Refers to simultaneous delivery

• Reduce overload & strain

• Deeper learning from speech

• Can increase production time of resources

Redundancy PrinciplePeople learn better from animation and narration than from

animation, narration and on-screen text

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YFYErT0lZvw/hqdefault.jpg

Redundancy PrincipleExample 1

Redundancy PrincipleExample 2

Exceptions to the modality and redundancy principles…Can include text when

• learners need vocabulary support

• including text adds value

Can narrate on screen text when

• emphasising or reinforcing points

• focusing on challenging language

• demonstrating pronunciation

http://www.comments20.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/yellow-rose-red-roses-widescreen-wallpaper-1.jpg

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpgCoherence Principle

• Delete anything irrelevant to instructional objective

• Why?

• Distraction

• Disruption

• Seduction

• Shorter

Coherence PrinciplePeople learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and

sounds are excluded rather than included.

http://www.ucira.ucsb.edu/wp-content/files_flutter/13352998137777124.28.jpg

Coherence PrincipleExample 1

music from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGXnBZxcz5Q

Coherence PrincipleExample 2

Redundancy PrincipleIt is redundant to ask learners to read the text

and listen at the same time.

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpg

Image Principle

• Don’t distract from instructional material

• Focus on

• Language

• Listening, not watching

Image PrinciplePeople do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen

http://www.ucira.ucsb.edu/wp-content/files_flutter/13352998137777124.28.jpg

Image PrincipleExample 1

Image PrincipleExample 2

Exceptions to the image principle…

Can include image of self when

• learners need visual support

• including image / gestures / body language adds instructional value

• demonstrating pronunciation

http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/storage.prezly.com/cd/adf2e0c31b11e4a11371052ba1b994/Fly-with-Me-Monsters-1.jpg

http://www.adweek.com/files/uploads/iStock-Unfinished-Business-2.jpg

Critical Discussion

How relevant are these to ESL digital resources?

How would you design resources differently now?

How much of an impact would these have on your resource design and development?

StoryboardingTime to storyboard

your next digital resource

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ReferencesClark, R., & Mayer, R. (2011). E-learning and the science of instruction : Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.Mayer, R. (2001). Multimedia Learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressSweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design . Learning and Instruction, 4, 292-312Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory (Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies).New York: Springer Education

Creating Digital Resources using Instructional Design

Principles CJ Davison

christina.davison@zu.ac.ae

Nicholas Yatesnicholas.yates@zu.ac.ae