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The Path of Empire1890-1899
The Path of Empire1890-1899
Schneider/Emmons 2012Schneider/Emmons 2012
Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms
Isolation difficult when exports increase New sense of power with booming
population, wealth, and industry
Yellow-journalism stimulated interest in overseas activities
Missionaries convert “backwards people”
Darwinism now interpreted as earth belonging to strong and fit, ie Uncle Sam
Isolation difficult when exports increase New sense of power with booming
population, wealth, and industry
Yellow-journalism stimulated interest in overseas activities
Missionaries convert “backwards people”
Darwinism now interpreted as earth belonging to strong and fit, ie Uncle Sam
Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms
Europe and Asia had colonies for decades
America needed to follow-suit to better compete
Steel navy made sea power more realistic Alfred Thayer Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History, control of seas key to world dominance
Pan-American Conference: creates plan for economic cooperation via reciprocal
tariff reduction
Europe and Asia had colonies for decades
America needed to follow-suit to better compete
Steel navy made sea power more realistic Alfred Thayer Mahan-The Influence of Sea Power
Upon History, control of seas key to world dominance
Pan-American Conference: creates plan for economic cooperation via reciprocal
tariff reduction
Imperialism LoomsImperialism Looms
Manifestation of international interest: “Big Sister” policy: rally Latin Am. behind US
leadership open L. Am markets to American traders
Diplomatic Crises: 11 Italians lynched in New Orleans US and German navies conflict in Samoan
Islands 2 US sailors die in Chile’s port of Valparaiso US and Canada argue over seal hunting
Manifestation of international interest: “Big Sister” policy: rally Latin Am. behind US
leadership open L. Am markets to American traders
Diplomatic Crises: 11 Italians lynched in New Orleans US and German navies conflict in Samoan
Islands 2 US sailors die in Chile’s port of Valparaiso US and Canada argue over seal hunting
Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine
Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine
1895-1896, gold discovered in disputed boundary area b/w Venezuela and British Guiana
Sec. of State Olney sent GB strongly worded letter declaring its attempt to dominate Ven. violated M. Doctrine and arbitration should commence
Added America now calls W.Hemisphere shots
GB took 4 months to reply, denied relevance of MD, shot down arbitration
1895-1896, gold discovered in disputed boundary area b/w Venezuela and British Guiana
Sec. of State Olney sent GB strongly worded letter declaring its attempt to dominate Ven. violated M. Doctrine and arbitration should commence
Added America now calls W.Hemisphere shots
GB took 4 months to reply, denied relevance of MD, shot down arbitration
Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine
Reinforcing the Monroe Doctrine
Cleveland asked Congress for a “boundary designation” commission, if GB did not accept the line the US would fight for it
GB not willing to fight, accepted arbitration
Monroe Doctrine strengthened
Many L. Am countries happy with determination of America’s protection
Cleveland asked Congress for a “boundary designation” commission, if GB did not accept the line the US would fight for it
GB not willing to fight, accepted arbitration
Monroe Doctrine strengthened
Many L. Am countries happy with determination of America’s protection
HawaiiHawaii
Natural provision supply point for ships Missionaries arrived as early as 1820
By 1840s State Dept says hands off 1887, treaty secures Pearl Harbor rights
Sugar cultivation hurt by 1890 McKinley Tariff Solution: annex Hawaii so products can’t be
taxed
Queen Liliuokalani not in favor Overthrown in 1893
Natural provision supply point for ships Missionaries arrived as early as 1820
By 1840s State Dept says hands off 1887, treaty secures Pearl Harbor rights
Sugar cultivation hurt by 1890 McKinley Tariff Solution: annex Hawaii so products can’t be
taxed
Queen Liliuokalani not in favor Overthrown in 1893
HawaiiHawaii Whites saw it ready for annexation like TX
Treaty rushed to DC, but Harrison’s term ended Cleveland believed Queen Liliuokalani had been
wronged
1893, treaty withdrawn, investigation started
Majority of HI natives anti-annexation
White Ams wouldn’t reinstate Queen L.
First legitimate debate over imperialism
Seen as new Manifest Destiny
Whites saw it ready for annexation like TX
Treaty rushed to DC, but Harrison’s term ended Cleveland believed Queen Liliuokalani had been
wronged
1893, treaty withdrawn, investigation started
Majority of HI natives anti-annexation
White Ams wouldn’t reinstate Queen L.
First legitimate debate over imperialism
Seen as new Manifest Destiny
Causes of Spanish-American War
Causes of Spanish-American War
Economic
Strategic interests
Yellow journalism
Public opinion
Economic
Strategic interests
Yellow journalism
Public opinion
CubaCuba 1895, revolt against ________ Also hurt by sugar tariff Scorched earth policy USA sympathized with fight for independence
Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler put civilians behind barbed wire in reconcentration camps, no sanitation, death rampant
Am. public outraged, Cleveland didnot want war
1895, revolt against ________ Also hurt by sugar tariff Scorched earth policy USA sympathized with fight for independence
Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler put civilians behind barbed wire in reconcentration camps, no sanitation, death rampant
Am. public outraged, Cleveland didnot want war
Enter Yellow JournalismEnter Yellow Journalism “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the
war” ~Hearst
Depictions of male Spanish official brutally disrobing and searching an Am. woman
1898, battleship Maine sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if situation worsens
Hearst headlined a private letter by the Spanish Minister in DC badmouthing McKinley
“You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war” ~Hearst
Depictions of male Spanish official brutally disrobing and searching an Am. woman
1898, battleship Maine sent to Cuba to protect and evacuate Americans if situation worsens
Hearst headlined a private letter by the Spanish Minister in DC badmouthing McKinley
Remember the MaineRemember the Maine
Feb 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in Havana harbor, 260 die
Spanish investigation said internal accident American investigation said submarine mine
Arbitration denied, public wants war Yellow journalism led public to believe Spanish
government guilty of intolerable treachery
Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!
Feb 15, 1898, the Maine explodes in Havana harbor, 260 die
Spanish investigation said internal accident American investigation said submarine mine
Arbitration denied, public wants war Yellow journalism led public to believe Spanish
government guilty of intolerable treachery
Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!
Road to Spanish-American WarRoad to Spanish-American War
DC made two demands to Madrid: end the reconcentration camps, sign armistice with Cuban rebels...Madrid agreed
McKinley did not want hostilities
Public burned with war fever, yellow journalism, Cuban exiles in America
McKinley gave in, also thought Spain might break promises, didn’t want to lose political clout
DC made two demands to Madrid: end the reconcentration camps, sign armistice with Cuban rebels...Madrid agreed
McKinley did not want hostilities
Public burned with war fever, yellow journalism, Cuban exiles in America
McKinley gave in, also thought Spain might break promises, didn’t want to lose political clout
War BeginsWar Begins
April 1898, McKinley sends Congress war message, war declared, pass Teller Amendment: Cuban freedom when Spain overthrown, USA would
not annex it
America jubilant, but army is: unprepared for climate outmanned America’s navy 5th in world, Spain’s is in shambles
TR had Commodore George Dewey take the Asian fleet to Philippines just in case
April 1898, McKinley sends Congress war message, war declared, pass Teller Amendment: Cuban freedom when Spain overthrown, USA would
not annex it
America jubilant, but army is: unprepared for climate outmanned America’s navy 5th in world, Spain’s is in shambles
TR had Commodore George Dewey take the Asian fleet to Philippines just in case
WarWar May 1898, Dewey in Manila Spanish fleet destroyed
Americans only needed cough drops to soothe raw throats from cheering for victory
Victory short-lived, while waiting for reinforcements, foreign shipsgather to protect their nationals
German navy superior, defiesAm blockade regulations, both lose patience, Dewey threatens war, disagreement blows over
May 1898, Dewey in Manila Spanish fleet destroyed
Americans only needed cough drops to soothe raw throats from cheering for victory
Victory short-lived, while waiting for reinforcements, foreign shipsgather to protect their nationals
German navy superior, defiesAm blockade regulations, both lose patience, Dewey threatens war, disagreement blows over
WarWar USA troops arrive August 1898,
collaborate with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Resurgence in desire to annex HI,could be supply station
Formally annexed in July 1898
Residents given citizenship
USA troops arrive August 1898, collaborate with Filipino insurgents, led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Resurgence in desire to annex HI,could be supply station
Formally annexed in July 1898
Residents given citizenship
WarWar Spain sends warships and torpedo boats to
Cuba
Panic on coast, CW ships sent for morale
Am sends General Shafter with Ams provided with heavy woolen underwear, uniforms for sub-zero weather
Enter Rough Riders
Spain sends warships and torpedo boats to Cuba
Panic on coast, CW ships sent for morale
Am sends General Shafter with Ams provided with heavy woolen underwear, uniforms for sub-zero weather
Enter Rough Riders
Rough RidersRough Riders Volunteers, cowboys, ex-polo players, ex-
convicts Led by Col Leonard Wood, organized by TR Rough Riders in Cuba, most without horses
Shafter lands near Santiago, no real opposition
Fighting starts July 1898, Rough Riders charge San Juan Hill
Volunteers, cowboys, ex-polo players, ex-convicts
Led by Col Leonard Wood, organized by TR Rough Riders in Cuba, most without horses
Shafter lands near Santiago, no real opposition
Fighting starts July 1898, Rough Riders charge San Juan Hill
End of WarEnd of War 2 days after San Juan Hill,Spain’s fleet
destroyed, 500 Spaniards and 1 American killed Santiago surrenders
American army rushes to Puerto Rico before war ends, greeted as liberating heroes
August 1898, Spain signed armistice: Treaty of Paris
Could Spain have won after a few more months? Americans suffered greatly from malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever...400 died from battle wounds, 5,000+ died from disease
2 days after San Juan Hill,Spain’s fleet destroyed, 500 Spaniards and 1 American killed
Santiago surrenders
American army rushes to Puerto Rico before war ends, greeted as liberating heroes
August 1898, Spain signed armistice: Treaty of Paris
Could Spain have won after a few more months? Americans suffered greatly from malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever...400 died from battle wounds, 5,000+ died from disease
Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris Spain ceded Philippines for $20 million, Puerto Rico, Guam, West Indies, recognized American
presence in Cuba
Teller Amendment Replaced by Platt Amendment
Cuba could transfer land only to USA
American intervention in Cuban affairs permitted when USA deemed it necessary
restricted Cuba’s foreign policy/commercial activity
leased Guantanamo Bay to USA
Spain ceded Philippines for $20 million, Puerto Rico, Guam, West Indies, recognized American
presence in Cuba
Teller Amendment Replaced by Platt Amendment
Cuba could transfer land only to USA
American intervention in Cuban affairs permitted when USA deemed it necessary
restricted Cuba’s foreign policy/commercial activity
leased Guantanamo Bay to USA
OutcomeOutcome Hawaii annexed, America in possession of Cuba
and Puerto Rico
Island bases Wake Island, Guam, Philippines
Plethora of stepping stones for Pacific empire
Emilio Aguinaldo didn’t want to be under American rule either, led revolt: Sp-Am war ~3 months, Philippine incursion ~3 years, 5,000 Americans died, less civility b/c they’re “brown”
TR emerges as war hero
Hawaii annexed, America in possession of Cuba and Puerto Rico
Island bases Wake Island, Guam, Philippines
Plethora of stepping stones for Pacific empire
Emilio Aguinaldo didn’t want to be under American rule either, led revolt: Sp-Am war ~3 months, Philippine incursion ~3 years, 5,000 Americans died, less civility b/c they’re “brown”
TR emerges as war hero
An American Empire...or NotAn American Empire...or Not First time American presence in distant
land, thickly populated, alien race, culture, language, religion, government
Anti-Imperialist League not quiet, stressed Filipino desire for freedom...imperialism against Dec. of Ind.
Pro-imperialists emphasized trade profits
The White Man’s Burden--Rudyard Kipling supported American imperialism
First time American presence in distant land, thickly populated, alien race, culture, language, religion, government
Anti-Imperialist League not quiet, stressed Filipino desire for freedom...imperialism against Dec. of Ind.
Pro-imperialists emphasized trade profits
The White Man’s Burden--Rudyard Kipling supported American imperialism
The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s Burden
White men should colonize and rule other nations for the benefit of those people
Makes imperialism sound noble
White nations have a duty and obligation to rule so nations that are “behind” can adopt western ways
White men should colonize and rule other nations for the benefit of those people
Makes imperialism sound noble
White nations have a duty and obligation to rule so nations that are “behind” can adopt western ways
What to do with Puerto RicoWhat to do with Puerto Rico
Foraker Act of 1900-PR’s given limited degree of popular government, citizenship in 1917 Education, sanitation, transportation
improved, but some PR’s still wanted independence
Did the Constitution follow the flag? Insular Cases, 1901, Supreme Ct decided flag
outruns Const.--full Const. rights do not necessarily extend to people living in areas under American control
Foraker Act of 1900-PR’s given limited degree of popular government, citizenship in 1917 Education, sanitation, transportation
improved, but some PR’s still wanted independence
Did the Constitution follow the flag? Insular Cases, 1901, Supreme Ct decided flag
outruns Const.--full Const. rights do not necessarily extend to people living in areas under American control
What to do with CubaWhat to do with Cuba
Military govt had been set up under Rough Rider Leonard Wood, very successful in improving Cuban govt, finance, education, agriculture, and public health
Abiding by Teller Amendment, USA withdrew in 1902, but Platt Amendment let it maintain a presence
Military govt had been set up under Rough Rider Leonard Wood, very successful in improving Cuban govt, finance, education, agriculture, and public health
Abiding by Teller Amendment, USA withdrew in 1902, but Platt Amendment let it maintain a presence
America Looking ForwardAmerica Looking Forward Sp-Am War did not CAUSE America to become a
world power, it PROVED that Am already was
More international respect
Did not necessarily enter war with imperialistic goals, but certainly came out of it with imperialistic results
Britain pleased, Germany jealous, Latin Am suspicious/nervous
North and South more unified--fought together
Sp-Am War did not CAUSE America to become a world power, it PROVED that Am already was
More international respect
Did not necessarily enter war with imperialistic goals, but certainly came out of it with imperialistic results
Britain pleased, Germany jealous, Latin Am suspicious/nervous
North and South more unified--fought together