Cell structure lecture

1

Basic Structure of a Cell

2

Review Facts Review Facts About Living About Living

ThingsThings

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What Are the Main What Are the Main Characteristics of Characteristics of

organisms?organisms?1. Made of CELLS2. Require ENERGY (food)3. REPRODUCE (species)4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS5. ORGANIZED6. RESPOND to environment7. GROW and DEVELOP8. EXCHANGE materials with

surroundings (water, wastes, gases)

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Nonliving Levels:

1.ATOM (element)

2.MOLECULE (compounds like

carbohydrates & proteins)

3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi

…)

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Living Levels:

1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)

2.TISSUE (cells working together

3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)

4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory

…)

5.ORGANISM

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLiving Levels continued:1.POPULATION (one species in an area)2.COMMUNITY (several populations in

an area3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …)4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving

things on Earth)

Please select a Team.

7 Team 1

Team 2

Team 3

Team 4

Team 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Team 12. Team 23. Team 34. Team 45. Team 5

Which is NOT a characteristic of all living

things

8

Respond to

env...

Maintai

n homeo...

Movement

Use

energy

25% 25%25%25%1. Respond to environment

2. Maintain homeostasis

3. Movement4. Use energy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

Your heart is an example of

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A cell

A tissue

An organ

An organ sy

ste...

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1. A cell2. A tissue3. An organ4. An organ system

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Cells that work together are

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Tissues

Org

ans

Org

an syste

ms

organ

isms

25% 25%25%25%1. Tissues 2. Organs3. Organ systems4. organisms

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One species living in an area is:

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An organism

A population

An ecosy

stem

A biome

25% 25%25%25%

1. An organism2. A population3. An ecosystem4. A biome

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Different species living in an area makes a(n):

12

Org

anism

Population

Community

Ecosy

stem

25% 25%25%25%1. Organism2. Population3. Community4. Ecosystem

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Team Scores

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Team MVP

14

Points Team Participant

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15

History of Cells & the History of Cells & the Cell TheoryCell Theory

Cell Specialization

16

First to View CellsFirst to View Cells• In 1665, Robert

Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls)

• What he saw looked like small boxes

17

First to View CellsFirst to View Cells•Hooke is

responsible for naming cells

•Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

18

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)

• Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth

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Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory

• In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells

•Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory

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Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory

• In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells

•Schwann also cofounded the cell theory

21

Beginning of the Cell Beginning of the Cell TheoryTheory

• In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing

• He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

22

CELL THEORY

•All living things are made of cells

•Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)

•Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

Who was the first person to see a living cell?

23

25% 25%25%25%

1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van

Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Who was the first person to see a cell?

24

25% 25%25%25%

1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van

Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Who was the first person to state all animals are made

of cells?

25

25% 25%25%25%1. Robert Hooke2. Anton van

Leeuwenhoek3. Matthias Schleiden4. Theodore Schwann

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Team MVP

26

Points Team Participant

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Discoveries Discoveries SinceSince the the

Cell TheoryCell Theory

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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORYENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY• In 1970, American biologist,

Lynn Margulis, provided evidence that some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themselves

• Supporting evidence included organelles with their own DNA

• Chloroplast and Mitochondria

30

31

Cell Size and TypesCell Size and Types• Cells, the basic units of organisms,

can only be observed under microscope

• Three Basic types of cells include:

Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial

Cell

32

Number of CellsNumber of CellsAlthough ALL living things are

made of cells, organisms may be:

• Unicellular – composed of one cell

• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc.

33

CELL SIZECELL SIZE

Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

34

Which Cell Type is Which Cell Type is Larger?Larger?

_________ > _____________ > ___________Plant cell Animal cell bacteria

35

How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?

1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

36

Cell SizeQuestion:

Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?

37

Factors Affecting Cell Size

• Surface area (plasma membrane surface) is determined by multiplying length times width (L x W)

• Volume of a cell (inside the cell) is determined by multiplying length times width times height (L x W x H)

• Therefore, Volume increases FASTER than the surface area

38

Cell Size•When the surface area is no

longer great enough to get rid of all the wastes and to get in enough food and water, then the cell must divide

•Therefore, the cells of an organism are close in size

39

Cell SizeQuestion:

Are the cells in an elephant bigger, smaller, or about the same size as those in a mouse?

About the same size, but …

The elephant has MANY MORE cells than a mouse!

40

Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms• Cells in multicellular organisms

often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)

41

Cell SpecializationCell Specialization

•Cells in a multi-cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off

•This is known as DIFFERENTIATION

42

Specialized Animal CellsMuscle cells Red blood cells

Cheek cells

43

Specialized Plant cells

Xylem cellsPollen

Guard Cells

44

Organization Organization Levels of LifeLevels of Life

Atoms to OrganismsAtoms to Organisms

45

ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES

Nonliving LevelsNonliving Levels

46

CELLS – life starts here

TISSUES – Similar cells working together

Living LevelsLiving Levels

47

ORGANSORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM

Different tissuesworking together

Different organsworking together

More Living LevelsMore Living Levels

48

Simple or Complex Simple or Complex CellsCells

49

Prokaryotes – The first Prokaryotes – The first CellsCells

• Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

• Includes bacteria• Simplest type of cell• Single, circular chromosome

50

ProkaryotesProkaryotes• Nucleoid region

(center) contains the DNA

• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (peptidoglycan)

• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins

51

Eukaryotes

• Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

• More complex type of cells

52

Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cell structures:

•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with

organelles

53

Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

54

OrganellesOrganelles

55

OrganellesOrganelles

•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for

a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be

membrane-bound

56

Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Centrioles

57

Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles

58

Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins

• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer

59

PhospholipidsPhospholipids• Heads contain glycerol &

phosphate and are hydrophilic (attract water)

• Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel water)

• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each other

• Can move laterally to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter)

60

The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

61

Cell Membrane ProteinsCell Membrane Proteins

• Proteins help move

large molecules or aid in cell recognition

• Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)

• Integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane

62

Recognize “self”

GLYCOPROTEINSGLYCOPROTEINS

Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tails to act as markers for cell recognition

63

•Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells

•Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape

Cell Membrane in PlantsCell Membrane in PlantsCell membrane

64

•Nonliving layer•Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria

•Made of cellulose in plants

•Made of peptidoglycan in bacteria

•Made of chitin in Fungi

Cell wallCell WallCell Wall

65

Cell WallCell Wall• Supports and

protects cell• Found outside of

the cell membrane

66

•Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane

•Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell

cytoplasm

67

•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs

•Found in ALL cells

More on CytoplasmMore on Cytoplasmcytoplasm

68

•Controls the normal activities of the cell

•Contains the DNA in chromosomes

•Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores

•Usually the largest organelle

The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus

69

•Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes

•Genes control cell characteristics

Nucleus

More on the More on the NucleusNucleus

70

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope

• Double membrane surrounding nucleus

• Also called nuclear membrane

• Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus

• Connected to the rough ER Nuclear

pores

71

Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is

found

DNA is spread out And appears as

CHROMATINin non-dividing cells

DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming

as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

72

What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary

material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins

73

Nucleolus

• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1

to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• DisappearsDisappears

when cell when cell dividesdivides

• Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes that that make proteinsmake proteins

74

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Helps cell maintain

cell shape• Also help move

organelles around• Made of proteins• Microfilaments are

threadlike & made of ACTIN

• Microtubules are tubelike & made of TUBULIN

75

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

76

CentriolesCentrioles• Found only in animal

cells• Paired structures

near nucleus• Made of bundles of

microtubules• Appear during cell

division forming mitotic spindle

• Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

77

Centrioles & the Mitotic Centrioles & the Mitotic SpindleSpindle

Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

78

MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)

• “Powerhouse” of the cell

• Generate cellular energy (ATP)

• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria

• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria

• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

79

MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a

DOUBLE membrane

Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions)

Has its own DNA

Interior called MATRIX

80

Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---

• Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization

Therefore …• You inherit your

mitochondria from your mother!

81

Rod shape

Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion( mitochondria )

82

What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?

Burns glucose to release energy (ATP)

Stores energy as ATP

“Power plant” of the cell

83

Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

• Network of hollow membrane tubules• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell

membrane• Functions in Synthesis of cell products

& Transport

84

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)

• Has ribosomes on its surface

• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell

85

Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)

• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface

• They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported

86

Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum

• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface

• Is attached to the ends of rough ER

• Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell

87

Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER• Makes membrane

lipids (steroids)• Regulates calcium

(muscle cells)• Destroys toxic

substances (Liver)

88

Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

89

RibosomesRibosomes• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis

90

RibosomesRibosomes

Can be attached to Rough ER

OR

Be free (unattached

) in the cytoplasm

91

Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened

sacssacs• Have a shipping side Have a shipping side

((trans facetrans face) and ) and receiving side (receiving side (cis cis faceface))

• Receive Receive proteinsproteins made by ERmade by ER

• Transport vesiclesTransport vesicles with modified with modified proteins pinch off the proteins pinch off the endsends

Transport

vesicle

CIS

TRANS

92

Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell

93

GolgiGolgi

94

Golgi AnimationGolgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by

VESICLES

95

LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive

enzymesenzymes• Break down Break down food, food,

bacteria,bacteria, and and worn out worn out cell partscell parts for cells for cells

• Programmed forProgrammed for cell cell death (AUTOLYSIS)death (AUTOLYSIS)

• Lyse (break open) & Lyse (break open) & release enzymesrelease enzymes to to break down & recycle break down & recycle cell parts)cell parts)

96

Lysosome DigestionLysosome Digestion

• Cells take in food by phagocytosis

• Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes

97

Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

• Made of protein tubes called microtubules

• Microtubules arranged (9 + 2 arrangement)

• Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface

98

Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella

• Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells

• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

99

Cell Movement with Cilia Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella& Flagella

100

Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungsfrom the Lungs

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

101

VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole• No vacuoles in bacterial cells

102

VacuolesVacuoles

• In plants, they store Cell Sap

• Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes

103

Contractile Contractile VacuoleVacuole

• Found in unicellular protists like paramecia

• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis)

• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)

Contractile vacuole animation

104

ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms

containing chlorophyll)• Use energy from sunlight to make

own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in the

Chemical Bonds of Sugars

105

ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by DOUBLE

membrane• Outer membrane smooth• Inner membrane

modified into sacs called Thylakoids

• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected

• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

106

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

• Contains its own DNA

• Contains enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis

• Never in animal or bacterial cells

• Photosynthesis – food making process

Please select a Team.

107 Team 1

Team 2

Team 3

Team 4

Team 5

20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Team 12. Team 23. Team 34. Team 45. Team 5

Which types of cells do not have a nucleus?

108

25% 25%25%25%

1. Animal2. Plant3. Prokaryotic4. Eukaryotic

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which types of cells have no membrane bound

organelles?

109

Animal

Plant

Prokaryo

tic

Eukaryotic

25% 25%25%25%1. Animal2. Plant3. Prokaryotic4. Eukaryotic

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which types of cells contain chloroplasts?

110

25% 25%25%25%

1. Animal2. Plant3. Both 1 & 24. Neither 1 nor 2

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In prokaryotes, what makes proteins?

111

Nucle

us

Ribosomes

ER

Mito

chondria

25% 25%25%25%

1. Nucleus2. Ribosomes3. ER4. Mitochondria

101 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

What part of a cell controls what can get in and out of

the cell?

112

25% 25%25%25%1. Nucleus2. Nuclear

envelope3. Cell wall 4. Plasma

membrane

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Team Scores

113

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Team MVP

114

Points Team Participant

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Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

115

25% 25%25%25%

1. Cell wall2. Plasma

membrane3. Nucleus4. mitochondria

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Which organisms do NOT have cell walls?

116

25% 25%25%25%

1. Plants2. Animals3. Fungi4. Bacteria

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What organelle helps keep cell shape and mover

organelles?

117

25% 25%25%25%1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Cytoskeleton

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Which organelle makes cell products and transports

them?

118

25% 25%25%25%

1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Mitochondria

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Which organelle produces energy for the cell?

119

25% 25%25%25%

1. ER2. Nucleus3. Ribosomes4. Mitochondria

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21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

What does the mitochondria store energy as?

120

25% 25%25%25%

1. Ribosomes2. Microfilaments3. ATP4. Capsids

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages

material from the ER?

121

Smooth

ER

Ribosomes

Golgi A

pparatu

...

Nucle

olus

25% 25%25%25%

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1. Smooth ER2. Ribosomes3. Golgi Apparatus4. Nucleolus

What makes proteins in your cells?

122

Smooth

ER

Ribosomes

Golgi a

pparatu

...

Mito

chondria

25% 25%25%25%

1. Smooth ER2. Ribosomes3. Golgi apparatus4. Mitochondria

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which organelle digests worn out cell parts?

123

25% 25%25%25%

1. Ribosomes2. Cilia3. Vacuoles4. Lysosomes

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Short hair like structures on cells

124

Cilia

Flage

lla

Micr

otubules

Vacuoles

25% 25%25%25%

1. Cilia2. Flagella3. Microtubules4. Vacuoles

201 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

The part of a cell where photosynthesis occurs.

125

25% 25%25%25%1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. ER4. Ribosomes

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A storage organelle that is much larger in plant cells

than animal cells.

126

25% 25%25%25%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1. Nucleus2. Chloroplasts3. Vacuoles4. Centrioles

20

Team MVP

127

Points Team Participant

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Team Scores

128

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