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ORIGIN OF LIFE
Celeste Roderno-Desingaño
ABIOGENESIS (17TH CENTURY)
Also known as “Spontaneous Generation”
This doctrine states that organic life could and does arise from inorganic matter.
This was opposed by 3 experiments which gave rise to biogenesis (19th century):Francesco Redi in 1668 Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1768Louis Pasteur in 1861
REDI’S EXPERIMENT (1668) Redi’s
experiment proved that maggots did not come from meat
SPALLANZANI’S EXPERIMENT (1768)
Spallanzani demonstrated that microbes were present in the air, and could be killed by boiling.
PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT (1861) Louis Pasteur
performed a series of experiments which demonstrated that organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not spontaneously appear in sterile, nutrient-rich media.
EVOLUTION, DIVERSITY OF LIFE AND BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK (1744-1829)Published his “Hypothesis of Evolution (1809)
2 Principles:1. Use and Disuse
Stated that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate.
2. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Stated that an organism could pass the
modifications to its offspring.
NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) He coined the term evolution as descent with
modification, meaning the many species of Earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present day species.
Main Ideas of Natural Selection
1. Individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals
2. Over time, Natural selection can increase the match between organism and the environment
3. If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process.
NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION AND ARTIFICIAL
SELECTION
Artificial Selection Process of selective breeding of
domesticated plants and animals by humans to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIO
N
CLASSIFICATION Identifying, naming and grouping of organisms into a
formal system based on similarities such as internal and external anatomy, physiological functions, genetic make-up, or evolutionary history.
Carolus Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Father of Taxonomy Author of the Binomial System of Nomenclature where
organisms are given two names, the generic name and the species name
He used the 2-kingdom classification (Plants and Animals) Used Latin words for the scientific names
RULES IN WRITING SCIENTIFIC NAMES First letter of the Genus should be capital letter and
the first letter of the species is small letter Genus and species should be underlined separately
or italicized.
CLASSIFICATIONErnst Haeckel (1866)
Suggested that the unicellular form with different reproductive patterns be placed in a separate kingdom (Protista)
Herbert Copeland (1938) Suggested the 4-kingdom classification
(Monera)
Robert H. Whittaker (1969) Suggested the 5-kingdom classification
(Fungi)
Carl Woese (1970’s) Suggested the 6-kingdom classification
separating prokaryotic organisms (Kingdom Monera) into two kingdoms, the Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES
Carica papaya – papaya
Aleurodicus dispersus – spiraling whitefly
Pterophyllum scalare – angelfish
Felis domesticus – cat
Allium cepa – onion
Mus musculus – mouse
Musca domestica – housefly
SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES
Chelonia mydas – Green sea turtle
Turnix worcesteri - Button quail
Pithecophaga jefferyi - Philippine eagle
Oryza sativa – rice
Cocos nucifera – coconut
Tarsius syrichta - Philippine tarsier
Cervus alfredi - Philippine spotted deer
SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES
Candida albicans – fungus causing itchiness to vagina
Staphylococcus aureus – bacterium found on open wound and pimples
Plasmodium vivax – protozoa that causes malaria
Penicillium notatum – fungus where penicillin is derived
Rafflesia speciousa – largest flower
Cyatheaceae spp. - Fern
SCIENTIFIC NAMES AND COMMON NAMES
Caretta caretta – loggerhead sea turtle
Saccharomyces cerevisiae – yeast used for production of beer.
Clostridium botulinum – bacteria that causes food poisoning.
Bubalus mindorensis – Tamaraw
Dugong dugong – Dugong
THE FIVE-KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
CLASSIFICATIONKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: sapiensScientific Name: Homo sapiensCommon Name: Human
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: PlantaePhylum: TracheophytaClass: AngiospermaeOrder: GraminalesFamily: GraminaeGenus: OryzaSpecies: sativaScientific Name: Oryza sativaCommon Name: Rice
CLASSIFICATIONKingdom: FungiPhylum: ZygomycotaClass: ZygomycetesOrder: MucoralesFamily: MucoraceaeGenus: RhizopusSpecies: stoloniferScientific Name: Rhizopus
stoloniferCommon Name: Black bread mold
MONERA
The cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus as well as other membranous structures present in the cells of all other types of organisms.
Example: Bacteria
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Based on shape Based on flagellar arrangement
PHYLA OF SUBKINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Phylum Thermoacidophiles Phylum Halophiles Phylum Methanogenes
PHYLA OF SUBKINGDOM EUBACTERIA Phylum Proteobacteria Phylum Rhizobacteria Phylum Cyanobacteria Phylum Prochlorophyta Phylum Schizophyta
PROTISTA
Unicellular and multicellular. Have cells that contain membrane–bounded
nucleus and other intracellular membranous structures
Reproduce sexually or asexually Free living or parasitic in form. Animal-like protist Plant-like protist Fungus-like protist
PHYLA OF PROTISTS Euglenophyta – Euglena
Ciliophora– Paramecium
Zoomastigina –Trypanosoma
Sarcodina – Amoeba
Phaeophyta- Brown Algae
Chlorophyta – Green algae
Rhodophyta –Red algae
PHYLA OF PROTISTS Sporozoa – Plasmodium
Chrysophyta – Pinnularia
Pyrrophyta – Dinoflagellate
Myxomycota – plasmodial Slime molds
Acrasiomycota – Cellular slime molds
Oomycota – water molds and downy mildews
FUNGI They have cell walls
with chitin, but lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot manufacture their own food.
They cannot ingest large particles of food and depend entirely on absorption of nutrient molecules.
Some are saprophytic – feed on dead and decaying organisms
Reproduce asexually by spore formation or budding.
PHYLA OF FUNGI Zygomycota – Bread Molds Ascomycota – Saccharomyces Basidiomycota – Mushroom Deuteromycota – Candida, Penicillium
PLANTAE
Cells contain rigid cell walls and chloroplast. Autotrophic – can produce their own food for
maintenance and growth
KINGDOM PLANTAE Division Bryophyta
Non-Vascular and multicellular plants
Reproduce by alternation of generation
Division TracheophytaVascular and
multicellular plantsTypes: seedless plants
and seed plants Seed plant is divided
into gymnosperm and angiosperm
GYMNOSPERMS• Plants that bear seeds not enclosed in a fruit
Division Coniferophyta Conifers or evergreen Ex: Pines and spruce
Division Cycadophyta Palm- like gymnosperms Ex: Cycad, zamia
Division Ginkgophyta Deciduous trees that can
tolerate air pollution Ex: Ginkgo biloba
Division Gnetophyta Cone-bearing gymnosperms but
vascular system is more like those of angiosperms.
Ex: Gnetum
ANGIOSPERMS• Flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed in an ovary that ripens into a fruit
Division Anthophyta Class Monocotyledonae
Have embryo with a single cotyledon, leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in trees or sixes and vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
They are primarily herbaceous Ex: Rice and corn
Class Dicotyledonae Have embryo with two cotyledon,
veins of leaves in the form of network, flower parts in fours or fives, and vascular tissue organized in a concentric ring.
Some are herbaceous and some are woody
Ex: magnolia, mango, cucumber
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular, heterotrophic organisms
with specialized tissues Most are motile and have no cell wall Performs sexual reproduction Some have rigid parts on the inside of
the body, others have rigid coverings outside the body
Some animals with backbone (vertebrates)
Some animals without backbone (invertebrate)
PORIFERA
COELENTERATA
PLATYHELMINTHES
NEMATODA
MOLLUSCA
ANNELIDA
ECHINODERMATA
ARTHROPODA
ROTIFERA
OSTEICHTYES
CHORDATA
REPTILIA
AVES
AMPHIBIA
MAMMALIA
Urochordata
Chondrichtyes
Agnathans
cephalochordates
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