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How do they apply in our Scenario?
MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
“Motivation is the force that energizes
and directs a behaviour towards a
goal”
(Tan, 2011; Baron, 1992; Schunk, 1990; Schunk, Pintrich & Meece, 2008)
WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
• Extrinsic/Intrinsic Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Attribution Theory
3 MOTIVATION LEARNING THEORIES
Internal desire to perform a task well as it provides
pleasure to do so, or it may be the morally right thing
to do.
NOT due to any reward from performing the task.
INTRINSICMOTIVATION
EXTRINSICMOTIVATION
Perform a task due to external factors. e.g.
monetary reward, good grades
Next:
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDSGrowth Needs
DeficiencyNeeds
Deficiency Needs have to be fulfilled first before Growth
Needs can be achieved.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDSThe most basic needs found at the bottom of the pyramid e.g. food, water, sleep and warmth. All other needs are secondary until these Physiological needs are met.
After the most basic needs are met, people can move on the the next tier of needs, which is Safety and Security. These are important for survival but not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of these can be having steady employment, safe neighbourhood etc.
Social needs come in next. Examples are belonging, love and affection. Maslow considered such needs to be less basic than the Physiological and Security needs. Some examples can be friendships, romantic love as well as involvement in social/community/religious activities.
Esteem needs increase in importance after the above 3 have been met. Examples are needs for things that reflect self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition and accomplishment.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
Self-Actualizing Needs are at the highest level of Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs. Such people who have attained it are self-aware, concerned with personal betterment of values
and less concerned about the opinions of others.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDSSelf-Actualization:“What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization…It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment,
namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is
potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more
and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of
becoming.”
(Maslow, 1934)
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
When Self-Actualization has
been achieved, Intrinsic Motivation occurs as a result.
Next:
THE ATTRIBUTON
THEORY
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
Attribution:To explain
something by indicating a
cause.
ATTRIBUTION THEORY3 Characteristics of the causes of
Success/Failure:
•Internal/External•Stable/Unstable•Controllable/Uncontrollable
ATTRIBUTION THEORYInternal/External:
Succeed/Fail due to factors that are due to oneself (Internal) or
due to factors from the surrounding (External)
ATTRIBUTION THEORYStable/Unstable:
A Stable cause means the same outcome will happen with the same behaviour. Unstable indicates that the outcome will be
different.
ATTRIBUTION THEORYControllable/
Uncontrollable:
Internal/External factors may be both
Controllable or Uncontrollable.
ATTRIBUTION THEORYCont’d:
Controllable Internal factors for Andy may involve him trying harder.
inversely,
Uncontrollable Internal factors may be that he is a naturally slow learner.
ATTRIBUTION THEORYCont’d:
Controllable External factors might be the reduction of possible distractions. e.g the television
inversely,
Uncontrollable External factors may be the biasedness of Ms. Wong against him.
REFERENCESElectronic Articles Cherry, K. (2011). Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm
Florida International University. (2007). Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation and Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www2.fiu.edu/~cryan/motivation/intrinsic.htm
Purdue University Calumet. (2003). Attribution Theory. Retrieved from http://education.calumet.purdue.edu/vockell/edPsybook/Edpsy5/edpsy5_attribution.htm
Books Tan, O. S., Parsons, R. D., Hinson, S. L., & Sardo-Brown, D. (2011). Educational Psychology: A Practitioner-Researcher Approach (Asian Edition). Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
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