1.5 ways to prevent infections

Ways to prevent infection caused

by microorganism

Most of the disease can be treated

Prevention is better than treatment

Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism..

1.Control the vectors

2.Sterilisation

3.Immunisation

Pathogens

•Microorganism that bring harmful to human and living thing

CONTROLLING THE VECTORS

Vectors

• a carrier, especially the animal that transfers an infective agent from one host to another

Control the vectors

•How to control vectors such as mosquitoes and

houseflies?

HOUSEFLY

Control of houseflies

ADULT HAUSEFLIES LAY EGGS ON FOOD AND GARBAGE

Way of prevention?

1. Cover food properly

2. Dispose all wastes in covered bin

MICROORGANISM ATTACH TO THE BODY OF THE ADULT HOUSEFLY

HOW TO KILL?

By using insecticides

PUPAE CAN BE FOUND IN A DARK NAD DRY PLACE

How to get rid of it?

Clean house regularly

Larvae live in food, garbage and sewage

What to do?

Cover the food properly

MOSQUITOES

WAYS OF CONTROLLING….

They Hide In Dark…

Spray To Kill The Adult

USING PESTICIDES

SPRAY OIL TO WATER SURFACE

STERILISATION: )

STERILISATION

Is the way to kill pathogens that

caused infections

3 ways of sterilisation

1.Use of heat 2.Use of chemical3.Use of radiation

Use of heat• By using steam and heated air• Leave no foreign matter on the sterilised object

( tidak meninggalkan bahan asing pada objek yang telah di steril.)

Look at the wound….

Some iodine solution is applied to this wound..

why?

To kill the grow of germs

2 types of chemical used for sterilisation….

1.Antiseptic

2.Disinfectant

Antiseptics • Destroy (memusnahkan) or stops

the growth of germs on living thing.

• Applied to skin and mucous membrane

• Must be strong enough to kill germ and not to the tissues

Disinfectant • Destroy (memusnahkan) or stops

the growth of germs on non-living thing.

• Most are powerful chemicals to sanitise clothes, rooms, utensil in hospital.

• Example - formaldehyde, phenols

Use of radiations

immunisation: )

Immunity is the ability of human body to fight against foreign substances such as patogens

Imuniti adalah kemampuan badan untuk melawan bahan asing seperti patogen

IMMUNITY• Is due to the presence of white

blood cells

• White blood cells produce antibody to fight pathogens in our body

Immune system • The immune system is the body’s main defence against

pathogens.

• - It recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” each type of pathogen that enters the body.

There are two types of immunity

Active immunity (body produces antibodies)

Passive immunity (body received antibodies)

Active immunity is divided into

1.Natural active immunity

2.Artificial active immunity

Natural Active Immunity • i. • - Develops naturally after a person is

infected with a pathogen. • - Very effective and may last for life. • - Examples: recovery from diseases

such as chicken pox and mumps.

ii. Artificial active immunity

• - acquired through immunization

• - Involves the use of vaccine that contains weakened pathogen.

• Vaccination or immunisation is a process in which vaccine containing dead or weakend pathogens is given to stimulate body to produce antibodies.

• - Examples: injection of vaccines to agains tuberculosis (BCG), poliomelitis and hepatitis B

Passive immunity is divided into

1.Natural passive immunity

2.Artificial passive immunity

ii. Artificial passive immunity

Induced by injection of serum taken from an individual already immuned to a particular antigen.

- Examples: Antiserum is injected to give immediate protection or to give rapid help in treating a disease.

- But the immunity does not last long

• A second dose of injection may be needed to raise the immunity level

ii. Natural passive immunity

acquired by the transfer of maternal antibodies to her offspring via the placenta or breast milk. - Examples:

Breast-feeding. An infant receives from the mother because antibodies are present in the mother’s milk.

Importance of Immunity

• • Helps to prevent the spread of diseases.

• • Vaccination is used to fight infection and prevent epidemic outbreaks of disease or deaths.