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: - .
1. ; . . . - . . () , - . . .
2. , . . . . . . . .
3. . . . .. . . .
4. ; . . . . . . . -.
5. Coulomb . . . . . . . m1 m2.
12
6. 5 V 20 V. V . 15 V . 15 V . 25 V . 25 V
7. . . . . . . . - .
8. , Q - , q
A
Q
r. Q. . r. . Q r. . Q q.
9. , , - . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . .
11. . , . . . . . . . .
13
12. . . . . . . . .
13. . . . . . , . . .
14. , - . . . . . . . .
15. C0 Q. , - = 4,
- Q+Q. 4Q . Q/4 . C0/4 . 4C0
16. . V V = 0 . V V 0 . V V 0 . V V .
17. q,
, . q. . . . q . . .
14
18. . - . . . . . . . .
19. -
S
. . . . . . . .
20. Q. . - . . . . . . , Q.
21. r - F. , . 2F . 4F . F/4 . F/2
22. . . . . . . . .
23. Q0 . - , , , . . . . . . . .
15
24. . . . . . . . .
25. Coulomb . . . . . . . .
26. . . . . . . .
27. . . . . . . . .
28. . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . .
30. ( ) . . . . . . . .
16
/
: - .
1. . . . . . . . .
2. q1 q2, r Coulomb. r
q1 q2F1 F2
. F1 q1. . F2 q2. . F1 F2 . . q1 q2 .
3. . . . . . . .
4. - V = W/q. . q. . q . . 1 .
5. - J.J. Thomson : . . . . . . . q/m .
6. .
17
7. q. . q. . q. . q q.
8. , - -.
++ ++ ++ ++ +
-- -- -- -- -
. . . . . . . .
9. - .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. ..
14. .
15. () .
16. .
17. 90,4e.
18. .
19. .
18
: - - -.
1. .
. .
E . .
B . . g
.
F
2. .
. m .
F . B
. q . g .
E . G
3. .
/ - . K . Edison . T
. Crooks
.
. J.J. Thomson
.
4. .
. . C . . /C . . V . . J . W
19
: - , - , .
1. r. , ()................. , () ..........................
2. ......................... .
3. - . :
().........
()..............
().............
().............. ()...... = F/m ()................
4. , ............................ -
.
5. ()............................ ().............................
6. : , () ......................... , , ()............................
7. . ()............................ , () .............................
8. ().. , , ()...
9. . , ...
20
() Coulomb kC = 9109 N m
C
2
2 ,
() 0 = 8 85 10 12, C
N m
2
2
() ( ) e C 16 10 19, .
1. , . .
2. ; .
3. Coulomb -;
4. ;
5. . ; .
6. , - . .
7. - ; ;
8. ; .
9. , q. , . . . .
21
10. . . . . . . ; - .
11. q1 q2, -. -.
q1q2+
. , . . : . . : - .
12. Q . . ( Q Q ), . . , Q r .
13. 8 kV/mm.
14. . , . .
15. , , , , . -, : i) , , , ii) , . . ; - . . , ;
22
16. - , . . - .
17. - . . . ; . ;
18. . ;
19. -
. . ; . ;
20. : . - . . .
21. , .
22. , -, , .
23. , 100 100 70 - 70 . , 20 - . . ; . ;
24. , - . - ;
23
25. : -, , - . - .
26. q q q. q . . . . . - q q. .
27. -. ; .
28. . , . . . . .
29. , . . - ; . . . . . . . . .
30. -
E , - . , , .
()
() ()
()F
F
F
F
. . . . . . . . - ; .
24
*31. , ,
. 2q . , , .
. . . . . , - ;
[. () 22
C 2qk , , () 4/1 () ]
32. 60 cm. , 4 C , F , 1 C . . .
F. , - . . 25 g , .
[. () 0,1 , () 105 /C, () 4 m/s2]
33. -
. . ; . , . - ; . , - . 0,01 s, ;
1,5 V
2 F
[. () 0, () 2,25106 J, () 2,25104 W]
34. Q1 = 4 C Q2 = 2 C L = 0,9 m. q = 1 C - , x = 0,3 m Q1.
Q1
A ()
Q2q
L
x
. Q1 Q2 q. . q.
25
[. () 0,4 , 0,05 , () 0,35
F1]
26
35.
m = 0,1 g q = 1,2108 C, - , . - = 80 kV/m L = 10 mm.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
. . . . . - . (g = 10 m/s2)
[. () 9,6104 N, () 0,4 m/s2, () 4107 J]
36. , C = 10 F, q = 30 C . , . . . . . . . . . .
[. () 30 C, () 5 F, () 6 V, () 4,5105 J, () 9105 J]
*37. QA = 4Q0 QB = Q0 (Q0 >0) (). L = 30 cm.
Q
A
QA
() L
. (), , ; . , 10 cm , Q0. QA QB.
[. () x = 30 cm , () FA/FB = 16]
38. Q1 = 1 C, Q2 = 3 C Q3 = 4 C . r = 3 m,
y
x
Q2
r
Q1
Q3
r
. - Q2 Q3 Q1. . Q1.
[. () 3103 , 4103 , () 5103 , = 4/3]
27
39.
, , = 1 m. QA = +0,01 C.
B
. - ; . Q = 0,01 C. QA Q ; . QB = +0,01 C Q = 0,01 C. QA, QB, Q Q .
[. () 1 = 180 /C, () 2 = 360 N/C, () 360 2 N/C, = 45 ]
40. F = 18104 N. - , r. r/2. . r/2.
[. () 72104 , () 8104 ]
41. Q1 = 10 C Q2 = 40 C L = 3 m. ()
Q2Q1
A L. . . () q = 2 C, .
[. () 0,4 , () 1 m ]
42. F = 12 N. , . . . .
[. () 48 , () 6 ]
43. L = 1,6 m . F = 3,6 N. . . . .
[. () Q1 = 32 C, Q2 = 32 C, () 21014 ]
28
44. , , . , , , - .
45. q = 4 C, - , F = 6,4104 N. - xx, . . . .
[. () 160 /C, () xx]
*46. Q = 1 C - xOy. . x, x1 = 1 m. . y, y1 = 3 m. . x2 = 4 m y2 = 3 m.
[. () 9103 N/C x, () 103 N/C y, () 360 N/C, = 3/4]
47. Q q - L = 20 cm - . - (), , - ,
()
A L
. Q = 9 C q = 4 C. . Q = 9 C q = 4 C
[. () 12 cm , () 40 cm ]
*48. , , - = 1 m.
K
O
. Q1 = 0,01 C . ; . Q2 = 0,01 C. - Q1 Q2 ; . Q1 Q2; . Q1 Q2 ;
[. () 180 N/C, = 45, () 0, () 4,5107 , () 90 2 N/C, = 45]
29
49. - E = 2104 N/C ( ), . m = 0,04 kg q = 2 C.
A
y
E
g
. . . -, . . .
[. () 0,04 , () 0,36 , () 9 m/s2]
50. Q -. VA = +20 V VB = 80 V. - . Q = + 2 C. . Q = 1 C.
[. () 2104 J, () 104 J]
51. C = 2 F V = 20 V. . ; . ; . , 10 V;
[. () 40 C, () 4104 J, () 20 C]
52. C0 = 2 F V0 = 20 V. = 4. . C. . Q. . V . . U.
[. () 8 F, () 40 C, () 5 V, () 104 J]
53. S = 10 cm2 L = 8,85 mm. V = 100 V. . ; . , = 10. ;
[. () 1010 C, () 91010 C]
30
54.
C0 = 2 F V0 = 40 V. = 10. , - -+
V0
-+V0
. V . . C. . Q. . U.
. () 40 V, () 20 F, () 800 C, () 16103 J] [
*55. C0 = 1 F V0 = 20 V. - . . . . . . . . .
[. () 0, () 0,5 F, () 20 V, () 2104 J]
56. C0 = 1 F V0 = 20 V. . . . . . . . . .
[. () 0, () 0,5 F, () 10 C, () 104 J]
F kq qr 21 2
..
31
-
-
km/s. mm/s.
Kirchhoff-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
32
Oersted
-
Ohm
R = V/I.
V/1000 WV.W.W, V.,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
33
L L = 2LA.RA B
RA = 2RB
RB = 2RA
RB = 8RA
=
WJC.
V/1100
hm,
R
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
34
123
1 >2 >312313 >23 >2 >1
-Ohm
(4)(3)(2)(1)
V
IIII
V VV
Joule
Ohm.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
3
2
1
35
=
=
=
=
VV
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Z
B
B
36
:
V = I/R P = I2Rt W = V2Rt
=
--
12 (R1 R2)
1 + R2
V
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
V
IB
A
O
37
-
12 (R1 R2)
= +
C.
-
-
1 , r1 ) 2 , r2 )
12r = r1 r2 12r = r1 + r2 1 2r = r1 r2 12r = r1 / r2
r) (E, r)
r = 2r r = 2r r = r r = r/2
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
V
IB
A
O
38
P.V.V r.r.
R1 2 -
1 + 2 r = r/2.
2R I2r
EI2R V2R + I2r
2R + I2r
42.
43.
44.
R1 R2
E2, rE1, r
A
E, r
I
R
39
-
1
V
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
40
-
W = VAB I
-
W = IR2t.
Joule
Joule
-
-
-
-
R = R1 + R2 + R3 ++ R
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
41
-
-
r) R
-
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
A
A
42
- -
-
I
V
V
I
I
V
Zener A
V W m J
R/3 R 3R 2R/3 3R/2
1.
2.
3.
43
-
- ....
.......... , ....
SI..
Volt.
O ,
................
............................. ............................. ............................. .............................
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
44
) =
1
2,
12
12
12.
-
>>
45
R-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
--
-
R -- R
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
E, rA
R
1
2
I
V
46
-
--
---
2-
-
R = V/I)Ohm.
Ohm
2
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
47
-
-
=
--
-
P = I2
=
-
-
-
-
1017
1015
104
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
V
B
I
V
48
1 = 2,7108 -1 = 1
-
104108m]
1021
R1 = 10 R2 = 20 R3 = 30 VR2 V2 = 20 V. V.
V, 30 VVW]
V
V,,,W]
R1,R2 R3 R4.-
VAB R2I2 = 1 A.
V]
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
4
12
6
R5 = 11
+-
R4 = 18
R1 = 4
R2 = 8
R3 = 6
49
R1 = 10 R2 = 20 -V = 60 V
- min.
V, 40 V, (J]
VAB = 5 V.
R1 R2, R
V
= 1 = 102 = 2]
-
V, -(1)(2).
- (2) mm2, (1);
mm2]
R -V = 30 V, P = 30 W.R , V.
W]
120 V.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
A
-
+
R1
R2
V = 6 V
6
2
0 V (Volt)
(1)
(2)I (mA)
12
50
-R3 -
R3.R1. -
W, W]
-
m, 2 m]
12-3-121.12
3-121.
R
-
i) ii) iii) .iv) V.
J/s
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
R2
R1
R3
51
,
180 V.
1
R2 = R3 4 R5
.-
V, A, 8 A, 8 A, 20 A, 10 A]
(E, r) ,
-
-
R1 = 4 1 R2 = 9 2r
V]
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
R3
R1
R2 R4
I
R5
2R
R
R
2R
2R
R
r = 0
52
-
A.
6 V, ( 3 A 2V]
1
R2 = R3 -
V]
-12-
-
12.21.
V, 3 V
*47.
48.
49.
50.
R3
R1
R2V E
RE, r
A1
A2
53
-
: iR iii
V/50 W.RR , V = 200 V. R1 , R;
]
V r = 2 -R = 4
t = 100 s.VWW, (J]
V = 18 V I-R = 5
t = 10 min.]
R1 R2 R3VrR2 2
R1 R3.
V]
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
, r
R
54
R1 R2 r = 1 R2 2
VWW, () 12 W, 6 W, W]
R1 R2
R3 Vr-R2 2
VWW, 18 W, 27 W]
= E = 2 V - r = 0,4
R = 1,6 -
-
V, 0,1 V]
r-
RA = 8 1
R1 = 2 2R2r
V]
56.
57.
*58.
*59.
E, r
55
, -V r RA. VB. -
-V -,
(A) 7,2 V, (V, 6,3 V, 7 V]
r = 2 R I1 = 3 A-RR1 = 10 2
R.
V]
V r = 0,2 = 8 - , R = 40 1
V]
R = - = 2 V-r = 0,5 V = 15 V
R.V]
60.
61.
62.
63.
, r
R
V
56
R1 = 40 R2 = 15 V-r = 5
R3 = 40
WW]
V- r = 0,5 -
R =-
-
V, 2 V]
64.
*65.
= + +
= =
= =
= +
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
58
.
2.
2..
FL2 . FL = I L2 . FL = I L . FL = I L .
-
.
.
.
-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
59
-
0 45 90 180
.
.
-
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
60
-
-
-
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
61
Hall.
Curie.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
62
-
-
-
-
S N
--
30.
31.
32.
33.
63
-
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
64
-
Curie.
-
-
-
Weiss.
-
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
65
- -
n/L
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
66
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
67
-
-
-
-
-
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
68
-
-
--
17.
18.
19.
20.
69
= 10 7
2
2
-
--
--
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
70
-
-
-
--
-
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
71
---
-
105-
105
-
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
72
-
12 (-.
-
-
Newton;-
1 2
12104
-
-
--102-
-
32.
33.
34.
*35.
r
1 2
S
73
105
-
-
2.
2.
-
1 = 0,4 cm.
-
-
2 -
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
K I
I
k k
74
-12--
- 1
5
105 T
]
r = 30 cm.-
-
-
-12-
106
106
106
41.
42.
*43.
r
A
r1
r
r
I1 I2
75
106
,
106
,
106
,106
-
107107 T]
2
1
106 N, 2106106 N]
44.
45.
46.
P
A
2
K
1
I
1
2
r
76
- 1
2
-1 =3 = 2 -
105 105 105
-1
2 3
-
1066
, - --
- 1
2-
106106-106106
47.
48.
*49.
r
I1 I3 I2 A
r1 r2
1 2 3
r r
2
1
77
-
---
-
1
-2
-
.
-
-
1,5108 -
-
104 T]
50.
51.
A
R1
H
R2
R
E, r
78
--
-
103
R2
108m.
123
3.1, R2R3 --
-1, R23.
1, R23t = 100 s.
103
---
104
52.
*53.
54.
79
A. 108
B. ---
1-
104102
-
-
-104
-1-
iii2
-
104 104
*55.
*56.
57. R1
E, r
80
--
10 3 10 3
. = 0,5 104B
104
= 0,5 104
4
58.
59.
60.
=
=
=
-
-- -
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S
82
-
-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
84
-
-
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
85
-
-
- -
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
86
-
-
=
V1 = V2 I1 = I2 V1 I1 = V2 I2
19.
20.
21.
22.
87
- -
Weber (Wb) Ampere (A) Henry (H)
Tesla (T)
-
-
-
-
.
B.
S
1.
2.
88
-
--
-
...........................................
-
-- -
--
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
89
-
-S/2;
--
-
-2
1
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1
2
90
-
-
-
--
-
-
=
-
-
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
m
t (ms)200 10
14
t0
91
-
---
-
-
-
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
t0
92
-
-
2/n1-
--
4
105
2
-
105105 Wb]
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
93
-
24 s. - - -
104
-
106
-
-
104 J/s]
2 / n1-
-
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
mWb)
24
1
3
0 8t (s)
94
-
-
= -
-
-
=
=
- k
-
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
95
--
kWh]
-
52.
53.
=
=
=
96
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
100
-
2x
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
101
-
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
102
---
19.
20.
103
-
.
-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
104
-
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
105
- -
,--
5 J 1 J 8 J 12 J 19 J 15 J 15 J
-
.
0,4 5 J 10 W
8 N
AT
1.
2.
3.
106
-
-
SI,
---
-
- ............. .
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
107
-
-
.
-
.................................
-
-
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
108
2
-
- 1, F2, F3, F4 5.
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
s3045
109
--
1 2, -
1 > k2.
-
-
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
110
--
-
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
111
-
-
,
--
-
-
2-
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
x
F
112
- -
4 N/m,,
-
- -
--
,,
-
s-
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
1 765432
1
6
45
32
F (N)
s (m)
2 1210864
10
60
4050
3020
F (N)
x (cm)
113
- -
-
-
,
--
4 N/m.
,
--
-
,,
-
-
,,
37.
38.
39.
40.
0
30
30k m
s
30k
1 765432
1
6
45
32
F (N)
s (m)
114
-0 + 0
, m/s]
-
,,
. -
-
,,, J]
-
= -
--
-
.
[() 2m/s, ( 1m]
41.
42.
43.
44.
115
--
-
[() 8 m/s]
- -
[ ( m/s,J, m]
-
F -
.
[() 192 J, () 6m/s, () 144 J/s]
-
F,,-
,,
45.
46.
47.
48.
0 2 1210864
24
F (N)
x (m)
116
--0 = 1 m/s.
-
=
0 -
[( m, () 9 m/s]
--
- = 2 m/s.
- -
,
=
ii) ,
*49.
50.
51.
Z
117
- + -m -,
,,
0 = 4 m/s,
-
=
0 0. 0.-
m,,, m/s ]
-
,,
- kg.
,
52.
*53.
54.
55.
Fm
118
-2 = 5 cm; 2 = 7 c2 = 3 cm
,,,
1-
12 = 3kg.
2; 12;
,,
----2 = 0,2 m;
,
-
.
E
,,
*56.
57.
58.
*59.
x1m1
119
-
0-
=
-1 = 2,6 m.
,,
2 kW, () P = 20500 t (SI)]
60.
*61.
=
=
=
=
120
-
-
xx -
4000 +20000 20000+40000
4000 +20000 20000+40000
yy-kg
20 10 +20 +10
200 100 +200 +100
-
1.
2.
3.
122
-
.
20 Ns 3 Ns 20/3 Ns 60 Ns
40 Ns 20 Ns 10 Ns 100 Ns
-m/s.
(SI): 75 64 12 76
-
4.
510152025
2 4 61 3 5
F (N)
t (s)
5.
6.
7.
8.
123
SI kgms kgm/s kgm/s2
kg/s
. .
-
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
124
-
P
P
B
15.
16.
17.
125
-
kgs
m/s-
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
126
m/s.m/s.
Chadwick
- -
-
= -
=
-
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
127
-
-
-
-
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
128
- - -
Ns N J
kgm/s
1.
2.
129
-
, -
- t -
,
,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
130
10.
11.
12.
131
g = 10 m/s2
-
=
= .
km/h.
[kgm/s 100000 N]
- -
[2 kgm/s2 2 N]
p/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2
6
10
4
8
p (kgm/s)
2 4 6t (s)
132
1 2 3 4
6420
- 2- 4- 6
F (N)
t (s)
1210
8642
F (N)
1 2 4 63 5t (s)
[s 35 Ns]
-
-
-
-
1
2
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
133
kgkgSI) 1,5 3 0,6 2
kg, - m
[960 N]
kg-
100 kgm/skgm/skgm/s
SI) 16 4 4
-
-
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
134
-;
Newton
--
- - -
- -
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.p (kgm/s)
4
B
40
30
20
10
6 1082t (s)
135
-
1 2-
-
11
2..
i) m2 >> m1ii) m2
136
[
= 0,2 SI) = -
[m/s]
--1 = 40 2 = 30
[
m1 m2--
[2 /m1 = 3]
A m1 m2-
1/m2
[1 /m2
[Ns]
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
2
1
64
5
m/s)
t (s)
137
0 = 100 -
-
[m/s, 150 m/s]
F = 2t + 4 (SI).
[s,m/s]
[,m]
= 4,8 k = 30 = 0,2kg, 0 = 200m/s,-
=
[,
0 = 4000 -2
1 = 2000 m/s1 = 8000 m/s1 = 10000 m/s
[ 6000 m/s,,m/s]
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
s
m
138
= ,-,1 2
.
kgm/s, () 720 N]
= 1,8 ,0 = 8-2 = 6 m/s.s
[() 10 kgm/s, ()]
= 1 ,,1 = 4 s
.[ (kgm/s,3/4,J]
= 2 0 s.
= 60, s.
[ (20 Ns, m/s, , J]
1
0
2
2 = 2 m/s.
[ () 3 m/s, 2 m/s, ii) 0,2 m/s, 3,2 m/s, s, ii) 4,8 Ns]
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
139
= 2 , = 2 s,F1 = 8 2 = 6 = 2
...
[ (s, = 4/3, = 4/3,m, (m/s, (W1 = 64 J, W2 = 36 J]
0 = 5 0 -
-
[ (Ns, , 75 J]
= 10 ,-,-
i)ii)
x = 2 m/s.0 = 0 = 5 s.
[ (120 Ns, 12 m/s, 10 m/s, = 24 N]
= 8 -0 = 4 0 = F
= 45 F = 20 t (SI).
[ ( s, m/s,40 kgm/s2]
56.
57.
58.
*59.
5040302010
F (N)
0 1 2 4 63 5t (s)
140
0 = 12 0 = 0 F
=
(SI).
s. = 8 s. s; t1 = 6 s;
[ (s, m/s, 64 J, (kgm/s2]
= 40 0= -- -(SI).
1 = 10 s.
[ m/s, 20 m/s]
1 -
2
=
.
[ ( =
, =
,
=
,
kg, 0 = 100 m/s,
[ m/s,,
60.
*61.
62.
63.
s t 10 s
t 5 s
10 s < t0
- 200 + 20t
400 - 100t
F =
141
= 6 -,0 = 10 -1 = 4 kg,1 = 12 m/s.
-
[m/s,,s]
12
-
- 3 --
m = M [ ( = = = ,]
m > M [ = , =+
,
+= , ]
m < M [
+= , = ,
+= ,
1 = 2
-
-2 = 1
[,,
64.
65.
66.
123
mm
m1
m2
142
--2 = 4,5
-1 = 0,5 -0 = 6 -
2
-
m12.
[ m/s, m/s, 1 m/s,m]
1 = 0,6 kg m2 = 0,4
1 = 5 2 = 10 ---
[ m/s,, 7 m/s, 8m/s, Ns]
= 0,2 0 = 200
= 20
[,,s]
67.
68.
69.
0
30m1
m2s
m2m1
143
1 = 1 -
-
-
2 = 2 kg,-
k = 600 N/ 1
2
[m/s,,
1-0 = 100 -2 = 12,25 -
= 100 N/ -
-
[m/s, s,
1 = 2 2 = 3
1= 10 -2 = 5
t =0,1 s.
[m/s,,
70.
71.
72.
Z
m1
m2=0
km2 m1
144
-
-
--0 = 80 -
[m/s,,
= 0,9 m, -
0- -
0
-
[m/s,m/s,
F F0 1 2 -
2 = 10 s.
m/s,kgm/s2,,m/s]
73.
74.
*75.
A
0
h
0
145
-1 = 1
,-2 = 4
k = 1000 N/
=
1
1
-
,
= 1 xx, 0 = 15 m/s0 =
-
-
1 = 10 s.
1 = 10 s.m/s.
[ (m/s, , 20 J/s,
-0 = 20 -
=
1 = 12
[ (m/s, ,, s]
76.
77.
*78.
s
30k hm2
m1
146
= 4 -0 = 0 F--Ox
(SI), t 8 s. t 8 s,
i
ii)
1 = 2 s.[ (
= 32 4t, T = 8 1,5 t, 4 m/s, 13 kgm/s2]
1 = 2 -
1 = 10 -m2 = 8 -2 = 5 m/s. = 1
,1 m/s,2 m/s]
1 = 3 , , 2 = 2 kg,-0 = 3 m/s. 2
1
x2 m2 m1.
m/s,,m]
*79.
80.
81.
y
x
F
21
m2m1
30
m1
k
B
m2
A
147
1 -k = 1000, - -
h2 -
-
, 1,5 m/s,,
--
-
-
,
,m,
1 = 1 kg = 5 m2 = 4 kg -
k = 104 N/m
1 1 -
x1
h1m1
m/s,0,08 m, 1,8 m]
*82.
*83.
84.
h1h
h
h
x1
h
148
-
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
150
-
-
-
-
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
151
-
.
m -
-
-
Q Q (Q > 0) d .
.
.
. Q-.. -.
1 m2 (m1 > m2)-d
-
1- m2.
==
1.
2.
3.
152
h = RR -m
-
=
C Coulomb
- -
,-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
153
-
-
-
-
kCCoulombG
mq -A V , , -
=
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
154
- - -
A. B.
. J T N/kg J/C N/C
kgm/s
.
=
=
=
= =
1.
2.
3.
155
Q Q. Q Q. Q Q.
((
((
4.
156
-
-
m.
-
................
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
157
-Q q;
-
-
m.
-
-,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
158
VA V, Q
VA -h
-
-
--
--
-
mr-
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
159
Q r -
-
-
Millikan
m -
=
-
m h = R
hmgW 0 =
2Rmg
W 0 =
( ) = >
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
160
m h = RR
m mxx--
m
4m
HZ
xx
L
L
4m -
=
.
m
=
.
VR3/3).
- r = 60 RR
-
R = 6400 km.
R]
27.
28.
29.
30.
161
]
Q (Q > 0) q, -
, 45
Q1 = C Q2 = C -d = 1 m.Q1-
(kC = 9109 Nm2/C2).
-
d = 1 m.
3 kg, ( =
)
kg, 2 kg]
d. m
d/3]
R = 1 m = 10 m/s.
-
=
)
1012 kg,
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
x0
y
(0, Q
- Q
(,0)
162
-
=
,
g0Rr
).
g0; (R = 6400 km).5.120 km]
Q1 = 4 Q2 = C -L = 30 cm. Q1-
cm]
g0H R = 6400 km.
km]
Q (Q > 0) --
]
m md.m -
]
mQ --r r. -
m = 10 g, Q = 2C, r = 15 cm, kC = 9109 Nm2 /C26 m/s]
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
163
m = 90 kg.
g0 = 10 m/s2
m q (q > 0) t = 0xx,
q, m
x x
0
x'x.; ;
,
,
]
0,He)
.
qp = e , q = 2e, kC, mp
, mp0]
=
]
m =100 kg h = R, Rg0 = 10 m/s2 R = 6400 km
108 J]
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
164
h = R -
(g0 = 10 m/s2 R = 6400 km).
103 m/s]
Q = 8 q = 9 C, -
xxd1 = 18 cm.m = 18 g, d2 = 24cm.
kC = 9109 Nm2 /C2
m/s, 0,36 Ns]
Q = 108 C. -d = 16 cm.
x
Q Q
x = 6 cm-
m = 9 106 kg q = 108 C kC = 9109 Nm2/C2.
0V 1 m/s]
48.
*49.
*50.
-
,122 = 2m1, - 0-
-
0
-,
1.
2.
3.
4.
166
-1 = 2 k-2 = 1 -
-
< < = < = = = >
-- 0 0 0 t, tt
t > t > t t > t = t t = t > t t = t = t
-,
-q (q > 0)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
167
(q > 0) -
-
= =
1
R2,
mmm = 2m-
=
=
=
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
168
-
-
-
=
=
=
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
169
pp = n = 0 p = n > 0 p >n < 0 p 0
-
2 4 8
mmm > m-d d
d = d
d > d
d < d
=
20
21.
22.
23.
24.
170
-
- qB = 2qA -
=
=
-
-V
V.
25.
26.
27.
28.
171
-
--
=
-
.
m 2m t = 0
-
-
t = 0 -
t =
1.
2.
3.
0 0
0
0
0
172
h
-
0.
m q
-
-
-
h = R
-h = RW = mg0R - =
4.
5.
6.
7.
0
173
m2m,
0
.-
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
x
y
x
y
180
-
xx
t = 0-m q
.
Laplace --
-
-
-
-
me,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
q, m
xx
181
-
-
===
[km]
0 = 40
2.
[ 4 s, 8 s, 40 m/s]
1-
2.
[ 35 m, 40 m/s, 30 m/s]
0 = 40
2.
[ 50 m/s]
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
182
2.
[500 m, 80 m/s]
0 = 10
2.
[ s, 20 m/s, 40 m/s]
-0 = 30
2.
[ 4 s, 120 m, 50 m/s]
0 = 15
2.
[ 4 s, 100 m]
1 =80 2 = 5 -
2.
[ 1360 m]
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
183
-12- L -
1- 0
=
+
]
0---
0
2. 80 m/s]
-0,x = 30 -0,y = 40 m/s.
2.
m, (m, 50 m/s]
0
,
]
36.
37.
38.
39.
0
y
O
B
A
x
21
h
L
184
-
, 2
,
]
-0 = 40
2.
m, m, m, ( m/s, 40 m/s]
-Hmax
2.
m/s, 45]
-
0 ]
0
m
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
185
1
2
-
-
h = R0 = 10 m/s2 = 6400 km.
108 J]
1
2R2-
=
=
=
0.,,
3C,
-
= , =
1010 m/s2, 104 m/s, 1,25 s]
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
186
-
-
-
0
, L.
:i) ii) 0 /2
iii). -i (ii).m, q, 0L.
,
,
,
, ,
]
-L
-
= =
. m/s, s]
--
-
pq = qp, q =2qp, m = 2mp, m = 4mp
= = ]
50.
51.
52.
53.
m
-q
L
A x
187
26 18-
0 = 105 N/C-
m/s, , s]
-q - -0--
-
,
,
, ( ]
1
-1. 2
-2 = 2R1.
1 /m2 = 1/8]
12-
= 16.
1 / R2 = 4]
54.
*55.
56.
57.
d
y
xA
188
q-
,
]
*58.
=
I
II
2,15,1 6
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
1. 7. 13. 19. 2. 8. 14. 20. 3. 9. 15. 21. 4. 10. 16. 5. 11. 17. 6. 12. 18.
1. 18. 35. 52. 2. 19. 36. 53. 3. 20. 37. 54. 4. 21. 38. 55. 5. 22. 39. 56. 6. 23. 40. 57. 7. 24. 41. 58. 8. 25. 42. 59. 9. 26. 43. 60. 10. 27. 44. 61. 11. 28. 45. 62. 12. 29. 46. 63. 13. 30. 47. 64. 14. 31. 48. 65. 15. 32. 49. 66. 16. 33. 50. 17. 34. 51.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
88
98.
6370 km = 40103 km.
=
.
c = 2Lf NN = Lf2c
=
=
99.
== = 51014 ==
21015 s.
100.
14,1
nm450nm630
ff
hfhf
1
2
2
1
2
1 ====
=
===
101.
===
==
89
102.
====
=
=
103.
===
12-
=
=
104.
=
==
=== 108
105.
====
90
106.
.
4560
= 2/2
2/3 = .
===
107.
-
(60 + 90) = 30
3060
= 3
= 3
108.
=
===
2 cm
=
60 60
.
30
91
109.
-
2
45=
21 .
110.
n
n =
= 3 n = n 3 = 1,73.
111.
=
= 2
=
22 .
===
112.
-
=
90,
30
45 45
105
60 60
.
30
92
113.
n = 3 ,
114.
-
. -
(60 + 90) = 30.
3 .
115.
n =
3060
= 2/12/3
= 1,73.
=== m = 433 nm.
====
116.
n =
=
2/12/2
= =1,41.
== = 41014 Hz.
===
93
117.
-
,
=
-
n
=
=
= .
==
45 45
94
,
e
0
-2
-12
/eV
1. 4. 7. 10. 2. 5. 8. 11. 3. 6. 9. 12.
1. 9. 17. 25. 2 . 10. 18. 26. 3 . 11. 19. 27. 4. 12. 20. 28. 5. 13. 21. 29. 6. 14. 22. 30. 7. 15. 23. 8. 16. 24.
1. 2. Coulomb 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
96
40.
==
====
41.
m1048,8r4rnr 1012
12
n===
eV75,1216E15
E4
En
1121
121
14 ====
42.
====
43.
====
=
==
44.
=
====
97
45.
=
===
46.
====
=
=
47.
=
==
48.
eVhc
hchfeV ===
=
==
====
49.
====
98
50.
=== ,
=
==
=====
51.
eV4,32E
nE
E21
221
n ===
eV55,2163
2
4
121
21
24 ====
52.
=
==
=
======
99
53.
==
==
====
54.
==
====
55.
-
=
===
56.
==
===
=
===
100
-
1.
104 105. 1010 1011. 1014 1015.
2.
,
3.
4.
5.
50
6.
7.
.
.
mo .
8.
+ . + .
9. -
10.
.
.
.
- .
11.
51
12. = 7,57 MeV,
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
52
19. -
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
quarks.
53
26.
27.
quark.
28.
29.
(0, 1e, 2e,
30.
+
+
+
+
31.
32.
54
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
.
+ .
38.
39. C146 -
55
40.
41. -
42.
+++
++
He Th U 42234
9023892 +
++
43.
++
++
++
++ e
56
-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. -
9.
10. -
11.
12. -
13. -
57
14. -
15. u .
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. m +> mp mn
24. + mp mn
25. -
26. -
27.
58
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. -
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
=
59
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52. ++
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
60
62.
63.
64.
65. =
66. -
67.
68. +++ -
69. -
70.
71. -
72.
73.
61
-
1.
2. -
3. -
4. -
5.
-
6.
...
7.
8. -
9. --
62
10. -
11.
12.
13.
14. .
15. -
16. -
17. -
18.
63
m = Zmp + Nmn mm-
m = Z(mp +me) + Nmn (m + Zme)m = Zm( ) + Nmn m
m( )m
+ + -mA + mB m mmA, m, mm-
++ + m = mX (mY + me) -m = mX + e (mY + me + Zme) = mX + e [mY + (Z + 1)me] m
+
+
m
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. -
8.
64
9.
10.
11.
12. -
13.
14.
15.
16.
-
17. - -
18.
19.
20.
21.
65
22. -
23.
24.
25. -
26. -
27. -
28. -
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34. -
66
35.
36. -
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42. - -
43.
44.
45. -
-
46. 1/2
67
47. = -
48. -
49.
50. ++
51. -
52. Otto Hahn (Fritz Strassman (- .
53.
54. -
55.
56.
57. -
58.
59.
68
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. -
66.
67.
68. -
69. -
70.
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
69
71.
He Th U 42234
9023892 +
+
++ +
++
+
++ +
++
+
++
+++
+
He Mg H Al 422412
11
2713 ++
++
++
+
Si H Al 281411
2713 ++
+
+++
+++
+
72.
++
++
++
++
n N He B 13742
105 ++
+++
+
+
++
++
++
+ ++
++
++
++
++
+
++
++ +
++
++
++
+ ++
++
++
++
++
73. -
70
74. -
n
1,008 u.
75.
mp = 1,0080 u mn = 1,0087 u m = 4,0026 u1 u = 931 MeV
76. =
=
=
-
77. Pu23994 =
= .
=
78. U23692 6 MeV U23692 = ,
= u = 931 MeV.
79.
e = 9,11031 8 m/s1014 J]
71
80.
+
= =
= =
81. 30
--.8 m/s , h = 6,61034 Js. e = 1,61019 C.
21013 J 1019 Hz]
82. -
-
83. - ).
= =
MeV]
84. - .- ;
85.
72
86. -
i) ii) iii)
+
+
87. -
+
4-
1]
88.
15 Bq.
23 mol1 = 0,693
89.
1013 J-
2,41010 s1, .-
AvogadroNA = 61023 mol1.
61011 Bq (g]
90. 9
--
73
91. -
++
92. -
++
++
= = =
= =
=
1 u = 931 MeV
93. He. Th U 422349023892 + H. Pa U 11
23791
23892 +
= =
=
= =
1 u = 931 MeV
94. -
+++ .
= =
=
=
=
=
27 MeV]
95. ++++ . -
74
= =
=
= 27 kg (c = 3108 m/s)
1010 J]
96.
+++
*97.
++
.
98. - -
++ -
=
=
=
=(c = 3108 m/s)
1012 J]
99. )
.
n = 1,00898 u.p = 1,00759 u. =
=
75
100.
++
= = 1 u = 1,66110
27
8 m/s10111015 kg]
101. .
i) ii) iii)
-
-
MeV.
102. -
++
103.
1017 kg/m3).-
30-
=
km]
76
1. 9. 17. 25. 33. 41. 2. 10. 18. 26. 34. 42. 3. 11. 19. 27. 35. 43. 4. 12. 20. 28. 36. 5. 13. 21. 29. 37. 6. 14. 22. 30. 38. 7. 15. 23. 31. 39. 8. 16. 24. 32. 40.
1. 14. 27. 40. 53. 66. 2. 15. 28. 41. 54. 67. 3. 16. 29. 42. 55. 68. 4. 17. 30. 43. 56. 69. 5. 18. 31. 44. 57. 70. 6. 19. 32. 45. 58. 71. 7. 20. 33. 46. 59. 72. 8. 21. 34. 47. 60. 73. 9. 22. 35. 48. 61. 10. 23. 36. 49. 62. 11. 24. 37. 50. 63. 12. 25. 38. 51. 64. 13. 26. 39. 52. 65.
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. , m c2
5. ,
6. 7. 8. ,
quarks 9. 10. 11. 12. ,
W+, W Z0
13.
14. He),
15. 16. 17. ,
18. ,
102
70.
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
74.
: 821,008 u + 1261,009 u 207,977 u = 1,813 u
: 821,008 u + 1281,009 u 209,984 u = 1,824 u
75.
b = 0,0308931 MeV = 28,675 MeV
=
76.
u + 1,00783 u 2,01410 u = 0,00239 u.
0,00239931 MeV = 2,225 MeV.
103
77.
Pu23994 239 94 = 145
m = 941,00782 u + 1451,00866 u 239,05216 u = 1,93862 u.
1,93862931 MeV = 1805 MeV,
= .
78.
MeV6,1793EMeV6,7236E236E
BBB ===
== (1)
+=+=
=+=
79.
==
80.
104
81.
E = mc2 = 8,81030 kg 9 1016 J = 7,921013 J.
1013 J.
=
.
21013 J 7,361013 J = 5,61014 J. -
=
==
82.
+
++
++
83.
++
931 MeV = 1,68 MeV
105
84.
+++
85.
-
86.
+
++
87.
x = 214, y = 82
=
=
106
88.
===
=
==
23
17 x; (= 11 )
89.
=
= g
== .
1013 -
==
48 mW g
90.
-
-
.
107
91.
=
:
= =
92.
1 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u (14,00324 u + 1,00783 u) = 0,00067 u
Q1 = 0,00067931 MeV = 0,624 MeV
2 = 14,00307 u + 1,00867 u (12,00000 u + 3,01605 u) = 0,00431 u
Q2 = 0,00431931 MeV = 4,01 MeV
93.
+
u (234,04359 u + 4,00260 u) = 0,00459 u
0,00459 931 MeV = 4,27 MeV.
+
u (237,05114 u + 1,00782 u) = 0,00818 u
0,00818 931 MeV = 7,62 MeV.
108
94.
u (140,91 + 91,91 + 3 1,01)u = 0,2 u
.
3 kg
23
,
=
2,561025186,2 MeV = 4,771027 MeV.
95.
27 kg) = 3,70181028 kg
E = (3,70181028 kg)(3108 m/s)2 = 3,331621011 J.
235,044 u = 235,044(1,661027 kg) = 3,901025 kg.
25 kg 11 J
3 kg x ; (= 8,541010 J)
96.
-
109
97.
=
=
1227,86 MeV + 747,33 MeV = 1975,19 MeV.
=
1975,19 MeV 1791,24 MeV = 183,95 MeV.
98.
2
27 kg + 5,0081027 kg (6,6471027 kg + 1,6751027 kg)] (3108 m/s )2
= 2,791012 J
99.
1 = 21,00759 u + 21,00898 u 4,00277 u = 0,03037 u
E1 = 0,03037931 MeV = 28,3 MeV
2 = 22,01419 u 4,00277 u = 0,02561 u
E2 = 0,02561931 MeV = 23,8 MeV
100.
2,0136 u 4,0015 u = 0,0257 u = 0,0257(1,6611027 kg)
1029 kg
2 = 3,84191012 J.
=
110
22,0136 u = 4,0272 u = 4,0272(1,6611027 kg) = 6,6891027 kg.
1027 kg)(2,61011) = 1,71015 kg.
101.
E = 0,042931 MeV = 39,1 MeV
102.
-
103.
=
===
= .
==
79
1
1.
2. -
3. -
4.
5.
80
1. -
2. -
3.
0 --
81
2
1.
2.
-
3.
-
-
4.
82
5. -
1. -
(12
2. ninf. -
-
-
83
3
1.
2.
3.
+
+
+
+
4.
5.
84
1. -
2. -
3. -
-
mn
.
i) ii) iii)
) -
).
= =
-
1.
2.
3.
=
4.
5. -
154
6.
7. = -
8. =
0 2
2
9. = -
10. -
=
=
= =
11.
155
12.
= .
0xx 0 .
13.
14.
15.
16. - =
=
=
=
=
17. =
156
18.
=
19. - = = -
*0 .
-
-
20.
21.
-
-
-
*
157
-
1.
2.
3.
4. - =
5.
6. -
7.
8. -
9. =
10. -
11.
158
12. =
13. =
14.
15.
-
16. -
=
17.
18.
19. -
20.
21. >
22.
23.
24. =
159
25.
26.
27.
28. -
29.
30.
=
31.
=
32. -
33.
34. - =
35. - = -
36. - =
160
37. -
38.
39.
= , F = b
40. = -
41. = -
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
= .
161
49. -
50. --
51. -
52.
53. -
54. b = 0,
162
-
1. - =
x 1. tT
2. tT
3. tT
4. tT
163
2.-
+=
.
x1. tT
2. tT
F3. tT
4. tT
164
3.- =
F1. tT
x2. tT
3. tT
4. tT
165
4.- =
1
Recommended